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Crowd science – A planning approach to safety at mass gatherings and events
Mass gatherings are planned or spontaneous events where the number of people attending is sufficient to strain the planning and response resources of the host. They are characterised by the concentration of people, generally on a predictable basis, in venues or precincts that are open or enclosed. Examples include sporting (e.g. Summer and Winter Olympics, FIFA World Cup) and religious (e.g. Hajj, World Youth Day) events, cultural festivals and music festivals. Mass gatherings can also occur at train stations (e.g. London Underground, Paris Metro), shopping complexes (e.g. IKEA opening in London, annual store sales), business precincts and tourist attractions. A number of studies and official inquiries have identified inadequate planning as a major contributory factor to deficiencies in crowd safety at mass gatherings. Proper planning involves an assessment of attendant safety risks using traditional risk assessment methods. These generally tend to deal with the hazards and risks usually found at most workplaces without taking into account the dynamics of the crowd or those factors that influence its behaviour. Insufficient attention to the way that people behave in a crowd, and the relationship between behaviour and system design, are major factors in crowd disasters. Due to the sheer number of attendees, the nature of activity and potential patron behaviour, risk is always shifting and changing throughout the course of a mas gathering event. How crowd-related safety risks can change over time is difficult to both visualise and articulate in the conventional risk assessment process. This paper presents contemporary and innovative approaches to risk analysis and monitoring for crowd safety which provide a more relevant, meaningful and valuable contribution to the assessment of (dynamic) crowd-related risks.
Contemporary approaches to planning for the safe management of crowds at mass gatherings
Mass gatherings are planned or spontaneous events where the number of people attending is sufficient to strain the planning and response resources of the host. They are characterised by the concentration of people on a predictable basis, in venues or precincts that are open, or enclosed. Examples include sporting (e.g. Summer and Winter Olympics, FIFA World Cup) and religious (e.g. Hajj, World Youth Day) events, cultural festivals and outdoor music festivals. Mass gatherings can also occur at train stations (e.g. London Underground, Paris Metro), shopping complexes (e.g. IKEA opening in London, annual store sales), business precincts and tourist attractions. Proper planning for mass gatherings involves an assessment of the attendant risk and the traditional risk assessment method is invariably used to identify and treat risks. Risk assessments for mass gatherings generally tend to deal with the traditional hazards and risks usually found at most workplaces without taking into account the dynamics of the crowd or those factors that influence its behaviour. Due to the sheer number of attendees, the nature of activity and potential patron behaviour, risk is always shifting and changing throughout the course of a mas gathering event. How risks can change over time is difficult to both visualise and articulate in the conventional risk assessment process, and the assignment of a single value can be both inappropriate and misleading. In addition, conventional risk assessment documents, particularly those that relate to crowd safety, are fundamentally flawed. Contemporary approaches to risk management, which consider the relevant phases of a mass gathering event such as ingress, circulation and egress and adopt techniques such as a Routes-Areas-Movement-Profile (RAMP) analysis and diagrammatic risk mapping, provide a more relevant, meaningful and valuable contribution to the assessment of (dynamic) crowd-related risks
Place crowd safety, crowd science? Case studies and application
Journal of Place Management and Development, 2020
PurposeThis paper aims to explore the development and application of place crowd safety management tools for areas of public assembly and major events, from a practitioner perspective.Design/methodology/approachThe crowd safety risk assessment model is known as design, information, management-ingress, circulation, egress (DIM-ICE) (Still, 2009) is implemented to optimise crowd safety and potentially throughput. Three contrasting case studies represent examples of some of the world’s largest and most challenging crowd safety projects.FindingsThe paper provides some insight into how the DIM-ICE model can be used to aid strategic planning at major events, assess potential crowd risks and to avoid potential crowd safety issues.Practical implicationsIt provides further clarity to what effective place management practice is. Evidence-based on the case studies demonstrates that the application of the DIM-ICE model is useful for recognising potential place crowd safety issues and identifyin...
Safety Science, 2017
Recent accidents [News, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2015] show that crowded events can quickly turn into tragedies. The goal of crowd management is to avoid such accidents through careful planning and implementation. Crowd management practices are collaborative efforts between the different actors of the crowd management team and the crowd that depend on effective handling, sharing, and communication of information. Safety and comfort of a crowd depend on the success of such efforts. We have studied current practices and the role of technology through interviews to crowd managers. Our findings show that event planning and monitoring can be complex and sophisticated, but are operated with little support from technology. Crowd managers intend to increase their use of technology, but they have been so far dissatisfied by existing solutions. We provide recommendations for a bigger role of technology in crowd management.
BA(Hons) Final Dissertation, 2016
Abstract “How the psychology of crowd behaviour impacts on operational resilience.” This is a report prepared from a literature search together with research using expert theorists and practitioners. The report investigates the changing demographics and behaviours of crowds when subjected to stressful emergency situations and how this affects the operational resilience for Event Safety organisations. This study has set out to examine the history of psychological research on crowd processes, to unpack the plethora of theory and research to understand the patterns of crowd actions and individual behaviours. There is still a tendency to focus on early scientific theorists such as Gustave Le Bon’s research (Le Bon 1895), which separates crowds from their social context. His theory assumed that crowd participation counters our normal view of psychological behaviours, revealing a primitive and uncontrolled behaviour (Reicher, 1996 Reicher and Potter, 1985). Stephen Reicher (Reicher 1982,1987) argues that ‘one of the more remarkable features of traditional crowd psychology is that it has tended to constitute a theory without a referent. Rather than starting from a set of phenomena that are in need of explanation, a set of explanations were elaborated in order to underpin certain ideological presuppositions about the crowd - or at least the suppositions of gentleman observers who viewed the masses with alarm from the outside’. Crowds should not be seen as aggressive and uncontrollable in emergency situations but with patterns and behaviours that reflect social and cultural influences. There are a number of social scientists that now support this view (Krantz, 1988, Turner and Killian 1964, Williams, 1986, Reicher, Drury, Stott, 1996, 1997, 1999), arrived at after relevant scientific research to investigate patterns of crowd behaviour to show that there are observable trends that reflect existing cultures and social identity.
Security in Crowded Public Spaces: A Protocol for Effective Risk Assessment and Intervention
The challenge of security in public places is a challenge in our world where elements have become radicalized. Access control to public events is only part of the answer that may require the sacrifice of civil liberties. History has shown that it is almost impossible to fight an idea that is based on fear. It it has lasted a generation it can promulgate for hundreds of years. The only answer is to give people hope by first providing a secure base and then through Holographic Community Centres incorporate a School, Health Hub and Enterprise Zone to reestablish dignity and perseverance.
THE FUNCTION OF STATEMENT IN CROWD MANAGEMENT AND CROWD CONTROL
Transstellar Journals, 2019
Based on the Research of past incident, we have observed that different factors such as failure to recognize risks, crowd attitude, deficiency of the egress signage system, inconsistency among procedure, behavior & protocol; plan and environmental constraints etc. have affected crowd evacuation / release. Above all, the human component is the important factor in safety and disaster management, although it is bound to other components inextricably. This article discusses crowd attitude that may influence an emergency situation, and explain the method applied to the crowd prediction. Depending on hazard marking relative to crowd density, hazard plans for various phases are forwarded to dispose the abeyant threats. Also practical crowd management calculated at various hazard phases are discussed; in the case of Kolkata metro fire: thick dark smoke filled compartment, passengers gasped for breath and other events. Finally, the schemes for crowd security management suggested that all stakeholders are amenable, to form risk consciousness and accomplish safety protocol consistent with hazard procedure professionally & scientifically.
Crowd Management, 2019
The first text to present a system for crowd management which integrates security with the other concerns for the health and safety for crowds, looking at the theories and practices of the management processes, plans, monitoring and evaluation of crowds.
National Academy Science Letters
The Kumbh Mela is the largest religious and spiritual mass gatherings on the Earth. In this way, it remains a source of fascination for vast numbers of Hindus throughout the world. Around 240 million pilgrims participated during Kumbh Mela 2019. The Crowd management and the strategy for Security and surveillance have become a big challenge for such huge gatherings. This paper tries to find out the various risk factors and its management. It examines the role and responsibilities of various stakeholders in crowd management. Despite of some difficulties like lack of knowledge of number of people, crowd psychology and its behaviour pattern, this paper provides a comprehensive approach for risk analysis, preparedness, management and mitigation. The purpose is to make spiritual mass gathering events incidence free and enhance user experience by applying design thinking approach. Although this paper tried to cover all the aspects of crowd management and strategies for security and surveillance during mass gathering events, still many more approaches are there which can be further explored. The mega tent city that accommodates nearly millions of pilgrims in the river bed is significant not only for India, but also for mass gathering research at international level to draw policy. This provides the multifunctional issues to study the mega crowd events. This provides the opportunity to generate the field level evidence and document base for disaster management.
Crowd management and the use of technology to make or to mar
Adaeze Anthony , 2023
Crowd management is fast becoming a fundamental part of any discussion on event management. The need to make the world a global social village has given rise to events nationally and across national boundaries and cultures. With this responsibility comes the need to ensure the safety and overall well-being of every guest. Previous traditional methods have proven inadequate, thereby allowing more sophisticated modern technologies to come to the rescue. This paper would show that technology in crowd management has been immensely productive, but there is a dire need for collaboration between technology and human personnel in ensuring effective crowd management.