Acute effects of drop-jump protocols on explosive performances of elite handball players (original) (raw)
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Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2017
This study aimed to assess the chronic effects of vertical drop jump (VDJ)-and horizontal drop jump (HDJ)-based protocols on neuromuscular explosive abilities, such as jumping, sprinting, and changes of direction (COD). Eighteen elite male handball players (age 23.4 6 4.6 years, height 192.5 6 3.7 cm, weight 87.8 6 7.4 kg) were assigned to either VDJ or HDJ group training twice a week for 10 weeks. Participants performed 5-8 sets 3 6-10 repetitions of vertical alternate (VDJ) or horizontal alternate (HDJ) 1-leg drop jumps, landing from the top of a platform 25 cm in height. Before and after training, several performance, kinetic, and kinematic variables were assessed. The HDJ led to greater improvement of the sprint time (28.5% vs. 24%, p # 0.05) and COD performance in comparison with the VDJ (27.9% vs. 21.1%, p # 0.05), whereas the VDJ caused greater improvement in the vertical jump compared with the HDJ (+8.6% vs. +4.1%, p # 0.05). Moreover, the VDJ regimen compared with the HDJ induced greater changes in the kinetic variables associated with vertical jumping performance, such as peak ground reaction forces (+10.3% vs. +4.3%), relative impulse (+12.4% vs. +5.7%), leg spring stiffness (+17.6% vs. +4.6%), contact time (CT) (210.1% vs. 21.5%), and reactive strength index (+7.2% vs. +2.1%); all comparisons with p # 0.05. Conversely, the HDJ regimen was able to improve the shortdistance and COD performances by increasing the step length (+3.5% vs. +1.5% with p # 0.05) and reducing the CT on COD (212.1% vs. 22.1% with p # 0.05) more than the VDJ. This investigation showed the crucial role that specific plyomet-ric regimens play in optimizing similar biomechanical featured functional performances, such as jumping, sprinting, and COD.
This study aimed to assess the acute effects of vertical and horizontal drop-jump-based post activation potentiation (PAP) protocols on neuromuscular abilities in tasks such as jumping, sprinting, and change of direction (COD). Eighteen handball players were assessed before and after PAP regimens, consisting of either vertical (VDJ) or horizontal (HDJ) single-leg drop-jumps, on countermovement jump (CMJ), linear sprint, shuttle sprint, and agility performance. The HDJ led to greater improvement of the COD performance in comparison with the VDJ (-6.8% vs. -1.3%; p<0.05), while the VDJ caused greater improvement in the CMJ task compared with the HDJs (+6.5% vs. +1%; p<0.05). Moreover, the VDJ regimens compared with HDJ induced greater changes in most of the kinetic variables associated with vertical jumping performance, such as peak ground reaction forces (+9.6% vs. +1.3%), vertical displacement (-13.4% vs. -5.3%), leg-spring stiffness (+18.6% vs. +3.6%) contact time (-9.2% vs. -1.3%), and reactive strength index (+7.3% vs.
Human Movement, 2011
Purpose. Muscle post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a mechanism by which power twitch is increased after previous conditioning contractions. In this study, we determined the time-dependent effect of a loaded drop-jump protocol on sprint time and countermovement jump height in well-trained athletes. Methods. Ten athletes randomly performed the control and experimental protocols on two different days. As a pre-test, the athletes performed the vertical jump and 50 m sprint test for preload measurements. Then, the experimental or control protocol was randomly applied, where the control protocol was composed of the athletes remaining at rest for 10 min. In the experimental protocol, the athletes performed two sets of 5 drop jumps (0.75 m), with a 15 s interval between the jumps and a 3 min rest after each set. Then the vertical jump and 50 m sprint tests were performed again 5, 10, and 15 min after the protocol. Results. The experimental condition (drop jump potentiation protocol) increased performance in the vertical jump by 6% after 15 min (p < 0.01) and in the sprint by 2.4% and 2.7% after 10 and 15 min, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions. These findings suggest that the drop jump potentiation protocol increases countermovement vertical jump and sprint performance in high-performance athletes at different times, suggesting that PAP induction depends not only on the design of the protocol, but also on the effect of time and the type of exercise involved.
Purpose. Muscle post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a mechanism by which power twitch is increased after previous conditioning contractions. In this study, we determined the time-dependent effect of a loaded drop-jump protocol on sprint time and countermovement jump height in well-trained athletes. Methods. Ten athletes randomly performed the control and experimental protocols on two different days. As a pre-test, the athletes performed the vertical jump and 50 m sprint test for preload measurements. Then, the experimental or control protocol was randomly applied, where the control protocol was composed of the athletes remaining at rest for 10 min. In the experimental protocol, the athletes performed two sets of 5 drop jumps (0.75 m), with a 15 s interval between the jumps and a 3 min rest after each set. Then the vertical jump and 50 m sprint tests were performed again 5, 10, and 15 min after the protocol. Results. The experimental condition (drop jump potentiation protocol) increased performance in the vertical jump by 6% after 15 min (p < 0.01) and in the sprint by 2.4% and 2.7% after 10 and 15 min, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions. These findings suggest that the drop jump potentiation protocol increases countermovement vertical jump and sprint performance in high-performance athletes at different times, suggesting that PAP induction depends not only on the design of the protocol, but also on the effect of time and the type of exercise involved.
Neuromuscular adaptations to 4 weeks of intensive drop jump training in well-trained athletes
Physiological Reports, 2013
This study examined the effects of 4 weeks of intensive drop jump training in well-trained athletes on jumping performance and underlying changes in biomechanics and neuromuscular adaptations. Nine well-trained athletes at high national competition level within sprinting and jumping disciplines participated in the study. The training was supervised and augmented feedback on performance was used to ensure maximal training intensity. The drop jumps were performed with minimal contact time and maximal jumping height. Assessment of performance during training showed effects of motor learning. Before and after the training intervention maximal isometric muscle strength, the biomechanics, muscle activity pattern of the lower extremities and the soleus H-reflex and V-wave during drop jumping were measured. Maximal jump height and performance index (PI) defined as jumping height divided by contact time improved significantly by 11.9% (P = 0.024) and 16.2% (P = 0.009), respectively. Combined ankle and knee joint peak power was significantly increased by 7% after training (P = 0.047). The preactivity in the soleus muscle decreased 16% (P = 0.015). The soleus H-reflex was unchanged after training, while the soleus V-wave increased significantly at 45 msec after touchdown. This may indicate an increased drive to the a-motor neuron pool following training. Muscle strength parameters were unaffected by the training. The results demonstrate that 4 weeks of intensive drop jump training can improve jumping performance also in well-trained athletes without concomitant changes in muscle strength. It is suggested that the behavioral improvement is primarily due to neural factors regulating the activation pattern controlling the drop jump movement.
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2014
Purpose:The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 2 strength and conditioning programs involving either purely vertically oriented or combining vertically and horizontally oriented exercises on soccer-relevant performance variables (ie, acceleration, jumping ability, peak power, and endurance).Methods:Twenty-two professional male soccer players were randomly assigned to 2 training groups: vertical strength (VS, n = 11) and vertical and horizontal strength (VHS, n = 11). Players trained 2 times per week during all the preseason (5 wk) and 3 weeks of the competitive season. The effect of the training protocols was assessed using doubleand single-leg vertical countermovement jumps (CMJ), half-squat peak power (PP), sprint performance over 5 and 15 m, and blood lactate concentration at selected running speeds.Results:Both groups obtained significant improvements in PP (P < .05; ES = 0.87 and 0.80 for VS and VHS, respectively) and small practical improvements in 5-m- (P <...
PLOS ONE
Multidirectional jumping and repeated sprint ability are crucial performance factors in basketball. The main aim of this investigation was to examine the neuromuscular performance and body balance adaptations following basketball-specific combined training programs based on drop jump and multidirectional repeated sprint versus multidirectional plyometric training. Forty-two professional basketball male players participated in the current investigation and were randomly assigned to three groups: a combined group (COMB; n = 14), a multidirectional jump group (MJG; n = 14) and an active control group (CON; n = 14). The COMB and the MJG groups completed the 8-week training programs with two weekly sessions while the CON continued their usual training. The static and dynamic balance tests, the repeated sprint ability test (IRSA5COD), the T–change of direction (CoD) test, the vertical jump tests, the five time-jump test (FJT) were performed by participants before and after the interventio...
Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal, 2021
Background. Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a technique that aims to optimize yield by performing stimuli minutes before the main activity. However, the effect of plyometric exercise (PE) for long jumpers PAP and the effective recovery interval is not understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of PE at different rest intervals as a strategy for long jumpers PAP. Methods. The sample consisted of 11 young athletes (16.2 ± 1.3 years; 57.8 ± 7.9 kg and 166 ± 12 cm), who performed horizontal jump under different resting times after PAP: 1) PE + 1 minute break (P1min); PE + 3 minutes apart (P3min); control condition (C) performed only the jump. The following variables were evaluated: Squat Jump (SJ), Counter Movement Jump (CMJ), Approach velocity in the last 15 meters (Vel_15m), Contact Time at the Push Board (CT), Height and Distance of the jump. Results. The contact time on the impulse board was shorter in the P1min condition (14.63 ± 0.94 s vs 15.27 ± 0.81 s; p = 0.05; Cohen's d = 0.72) and P3min vs control (14.36 ± 0.89 s vs 15.27 ± 0.81 s; p = 0.009; Cohen's d = 1.06); the height of the jump was higher at P1min (180.16 ± 7.08 cm vs 173.44 ± 12.70 cm; p = 0.043; Cohen's d = 0.06) and P3min vs control (182.30 ± 10.68 cm vs 173.44 ± 12.70 cm; p = 0.005; Cohen's d = 0.07). The variables approach velocity, CMJ, SJ and jump distance did not differ. Conclusions. From the current results, PE can be an effective strategy to reduce the contact time on the jump board and increase height of the jump in young competing in long jump.
Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2016
Acute post activation potentiation (PAP) is a physical conditioning activity that incorporates intense muscle activation to enhance muscular force production. Practical applications of PAP as a conditioning activity to enhance sport performance are of interest to athletes and coaches. PURPOSE: This study compared the effects of a dynamic warm-up and a dynamic warm-up followed by a PAP conditioning activity on shot put throw distance. METHODS: NCAA Division I male (n=6) and female (n=7) track and field athletes volunteered as participants for the study. The study employed a randomized repeated measures crossover design where each participant was randomly placed into one of two groups. During the first test session one group performed a dynamic warm-up followed by an 8-minute rest period then a shot put throw test. The other group performed a dynamic warm-up followed by a PAP conditioning activity comprised of 3 repetitions of a hang clean and jerk at 80% 1-RM followed by an 8-minute rest period then a shot put throw test. During week 2 the two groups crossed over with respect to the warm-up conditions and repeated the shot put throw test. Three shot put trials were collected following each warm-up condition and the best score was used for subsequent analysis. The shot put throw distances were compared between warm-up strategies with a paired t-test. RESULTS: The shot put throw scores were: PAP 10.93±1.81* and non-PAP 10.57±1.84 meters (p=0.007). CONCLUSION: Within the parameters of this study, when compared to a standard dynamic warm-up, a dynamic warm-up strategy that includes a PAP event significantly improves shot put throw performance. Coaches and athletes could apply the dynamic warm-up that includes a PAP conditioning activity as implemented in this study to enhance shot put performance during competitive scenarios.
Understanding Vertical Jump Potentiation: A Deterministic Model
Sports Medicine, 2015
This review article discusses previous postactivation potentiation (PAP) literature and provides a deterministic model for vertical jump (i.e., squat jump, countermovement jump, and drop/depth jump) potentiation. There are a number of factors that must be considered when designing an effective strength-power potentiation complex (SPPC) focused on vertical jump potentiation. Sport scientists and practitioners must consider the characteristics of the subject being tested and the design of the SPPC itself. Subject characteristics that must be considered when designing an SPPC focused on vertical jump potentiation include the individual&amp;#39;s relative strength, sex, muscle characteristics, neuromuscular characteristics, current fatigue state, and training background. Aspects of the SPPC that must be considered for vertical jump potentiation include the potentiating exercise, level and rate of muscle activation, volume load completed, the ballistic or non-ballistic nature of the potentiating exercise, and the rest interval(s) used following the potentiating exercise. Sport scientists and practitioners should design and seek SPPCs that are practical in nature regarding the equipment needed and the rest interval required for a potentiated performance. If practitioners would like to incorporate PAP as a training tool, they must take the athlete training time restrictions into account as a number of previous SPPCs have been shown to require long rest periods before potentiation can be realized. Thus, practitioners should seek SPPCs that may be effectively implemented in training and that do not require excessive rest intervals that may take away from valuable training time. Practitioners may decrease the necessary time needed to realize potentiation by improving their subject&amp;#39;s relative strength.