Oxygen uptake, heart rate and activities of locomotor muscles during a critical swimming speed protocol in the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata (original) (raw)
Related papers
Aerobic and anaerobic swimming performance of individual Atlantic cod
The Journal of experimental biology, 2000
Individual Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were exercised using three different measures of swimming performance. (1) An endurance test (critical swimming speed, U(crit), protocol) designed to assess predominantly aerobic endurance swimming (duration hours). (2) An acceleration test (U(burst)), in which the fish were required to swim against a rapidly increasing current until exhausted (duration minutes). This test was designed to assess predominantly glycolytic-based swimming capacity. (3) A sprint test that examined the animals' ability to swim away from a sudden stimulus (duration seconds). Rates of oxygen consumption ( mdot (O2)) during the endurance test and various morphological variables of the individual fish were also measured. Both aerobic and anaerobic swimming performance of individual cod were found to be significantly repeatable over a 3 month period. mdot (O2) during the U(crit) protocol was also significantly repeatable at intermediate to high swimming speeds, but no...
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology, 2019
Many vertebrate animals employ anaerobic pathways during high-speed exercise, even if it imposes an energetic cost during postexercise recovery, expressed as excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). In ectotherms such a fish, the initial anaerobic contribution to exercise is often substantial. Even so, fish may recover from anaerobic pathways as swimming exercise ensues and aerobic metabolism stabilizes, thus total energetic costs of exercise could depend on swimming duration and subsequent physiological recovery. To test this hypothesis, we examined EPOC in striped surfperch (Embiotoca lateralis) that swam at high speeds (3.25 L s −1) during randomly ordered 2-, 5-, 10-, and 20-min exercise periods. We found that EPOC was highest after the 2-min period (20.9 mg O 2 kg −1) and lowest after the 20-min period (13.6 mg O 2 kg −1), indicating that recovery from anaerobic pathways improved with exercise duration. Remarkably, EPOC for the 2-min period accounted for 72% of the total O 2 consumption, whereas EPOC for the 20-min period only accounted for 14%. Thus, the data revealed a striking decline in the total cost of transport from 0.772 to 0.226 mg O 2 •kg −1 •m −1 during 2-and 20-min periods, respectively. Our study is the first to combine anaerobic and aerobic swimming costs to demonstrate an effect of swimming duration on EPOC in fish. Clarifying the dynamic nature of exercise-related costs is relevant to extrapolating laboratory findings to animals in the wild.
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2005
Several previous reports, often from studies utilising heavily instrumented animals, have indicated that for teleosts, the increase in cardiac output () during exercise is mainly the resulṫ V b of an increase in cardiac stroke volume (V S) rather than in heart rate (f H). More recently, this contention has been questioned following studies on animals carrying less instrumentation, though the debate continues. In an attempt to shed more light on the situation, we examined the heart rates and oxygen consumption rates (; normalised to a mass of 1 kg, Mo 2 given as) of six Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii; Mo 2 kg kg) equipped with implanted mean mass ע SE p 1.81 ע 0.14 f H and body temperature data loggers. Data were determined during exposure to varying temperatures and swimming speeds to encompass the majority of the biological scope of this species. An increase in body temperature (T b) from 14ЊC to 29ЊC resulted in linear increases in (26.67-41.78 mmol min Ϫ1 Mo 2 kg kg Ϫ1) and f H (22.3-60.8 beats min Ϫ1) during routine exercise but a decrease in the oxygen pulse (the amount of oxygen
Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2009
The objective of this study was to identify kinematic variables correlated with oxygen consumption during spontaneous labriform swimming. Kinematic variables (swimming speed, change of speed, turning angle, turning rate, turning radius and pectoral fin beat frequency) and oxygen consumption (MO 2 ) of spontaneous swimming in Embiotoca lateralis were measured in a circular arena using video tracking and respirometry, respectively. The main variable influencing MO 2 was pectoral fin beat frequency (r 2 =0.71). No significant relationship was found between swimming speed and pectoral fin beat frequency. Complementary to other methods within biotelemetry such as EMG it is suggested that such correlations of pectoral fin beat frequency may be used to measure the energy requirements of labriform swimming fish such as E. lateralis in the field, but need to be taken with great caution since movement and oxygen consumption patterns are likely to be quite different in field situation compared to a small lab tank. In addition, our methods could be useful to measure metabolic costs of growth and development, or bioassays for possible toxicological effects on fish.
The few existing measurements of deep-sea fish physiology consistently indicate reduced basal metabolism and metabolic power. A possible explanation for this is the reduction in selective pressure for burst activity capacity due to a reduction in the frequency and duration of predator -prey interactions in the sparsely distributed fish community and continuous darkness. Video recordings of stimulated fast-starts in deep-sea fish were obtained by a lander vehicle and analysed to give the swimming velocities, accelerations, and inertial power requirements of fast-start swimming in Antimora rostrata. With a mean peak velocity of 0.7 m s À 1 , and white muscle power output of only 17.0 W kg À 1 . A. rostrata is a slow moving fish, but no slower than shallow-water fishes at the same temperature. D
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 1996
Sustainable (aerobic) swimming performance in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is examined through a model estimating red muscle oxygen demand and the cardiovascular system's capacity for oxygen delivery. At maximum oxygen delivery (25°C), red muscle oxygen consumption ((702RM) is estimated to be 0.197 ml O2/g/min, which is higher than previous estimates of maximum VOzRM. However, due to the high costs of swimming at high speeds, maximum sustained velocity at this rate would only be 3.7 fork lengths/s, which is lower than previous estimates for yellowfin. Hypoxia and reduced ambient temperature that may be encountered by yellowfin in the course of their natural movement patterns will decrease oxygen delivery capacity through effects on the cardiovascular system, limiting maximum VO2RM. Moderate swimming velocities could, however, be maintained at an oxygen tension of 75 mmHg, and at an ambient temperature of 15°(;. COMP BIOC. EM PHYSIOL 113B, 45-56, 1996.
Measurements of aerobic metabolism of a school of horse mackerel at different swimming speeds
Journal of Fish Biology, 1996
Oxygen consumption rates were measured in a school of 56 horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus while at rest and while swimming at steady sustained speeds. Resting values of 38·76 and 42·10mg O 2 kg 1 h 1 were measured in a sealed cylindrical tank (535 l) while observing that the fish school remained neutrally buoyant and inactive with only gentle pectoral fin movements and no swimming motion. The same school was trained to swim with projected light patterns within a 10-m diameter annular doughnut respirometer. The oxygen consumption increased from the resting level through 51 mg O 2 kg 1 h 1 at the slowest swimming speeds of 0·29 m s 1 (0·95 L s 1 ) to around 259 mg O 2 kg 1 h 1 at the higher measured swimming speed of 0·87 m s 1 (2·82 L s 1 ). The data fitted a curve where oxygen consumption rose in proportion to velocity to the power of 2·56 with the intercept at the resting level. The maximum sustained speed (80 min) of 1·12 m s 1 (3·63 Ls 1 ) was not achieved within the respirometer but corresponded to an estimated oxygen consumption of 458·33 mg O 2 kg 1 h 1 giving a scope for aerobic activity of 419·02 mg O 2 kg 1 h 1 . At a speed of 0·87 m s 1 , there was a lower bound on the aerobic efficiency of at least 38% and at 1·12 m s 1 , the highest aerobic speed, of 40%. Sustained speeds swum in a curved path as here should be increased by 5% for a straight path giving a maximum sustained 80 min speed of 1·18 m s 1 .
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2002
Many similarities exist between the key characteristics of muscular metabolism in marine invertebrates and those found in vertebrate striated muscle, even though there are important phosphagens and glycolytic end products that differ between groups. Lifestyles and modes of locomotion also vary extremely among invertebrates thereby shaping the pattern of exercise metabolism. In accordance with the limited availability of integrated ecological and physiological information the present paper reports recent progress in the exercise physiology of cephalopods, which are characterized by high rates of aerobic and anaerobic energy turnover during high velocity hunts or escapes in their pelagic environment, and a sipunculid worm, which mostly uses anaerobic resources during extended marathon-like digging excursions in the hypoxic marine sediment. Particular attention is paid to how lifestyle and oxygen availability in various marine environments shapes the use and rates of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism and acidosis as they depend on activity levels and energy saving strategies. Whereas aerobic scope and, accordingly, use of ambient oxygen by blood oxygen transport and skin respiration is maximized in some squids, aerobic scope is very small in the worm and anaerobic metabolism readily used upon muscular activity. Until recently, it was widely accepted that the glycolytic end product octopine, produced in the musculature of these invertebrates, acted as a weak acid and so did not compromise acid-base balance. However, it has now been demonstrated that octopine does cause acidosis. Concomitant study of tissue energy and acid-base status allows to evaluate the contribution of glycolysis, pH and free ADP accumulation to the use of the phosphagen and to the delayed drop in the Gibb's free energy change of ATP hydrolysis. The analysis reveals species specific capacities of these mechanisms to support exercise beyond the anaerobic threshold. During high intensity anaerobic exercise observed in squid, the levels of ATP free energy change finally fall to critical minimum levels contributing to fatigue. Maintenance of sufficiently high energy levels is found at low but extended rates of anaerobic metabolism as observed in the long term digging sipunculid worm. The greatest aerobic and anaerobic performance levels are seen in squid inhabiting the open ocean and appear to be made possible by the uniform and stable physicochemical parameters (esp. high O and low CO levels) that characterize such an environment. It is suggested 2 2 that at least some squid operate at their functional and environmental limits. In extremely different environments, both the worm and the squids display a tradeoff between oxygen availability, temperature, performance level and also, body size. ᮊ
High aerobic capacities in the skeletal muscles of pinnipeds: adaptations to diving hypoxia
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 1999
The objective was to assess the aerobic capacity of skeletal muscles in pinnipeds. Samples of swimming and nonswimming muscles were collected from Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus, n = 27), Northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus, n = 5), and harbor seals (Phoca vitulina, n = 37) by using a needle biopsy technique. Samples were either immediately fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde or frozen in liquid nitrogen. The volume density of mitochondria, myoglobin concentration, citrate synthase activity, and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase was determined for all samples. The swimming muscles of seals had an average total mitochondrial volume density per volume of fiber of 9.7%. The swimming muscles of sea lions and fur seals had average mitochondrial volume densities of 6.2 and 8.8%, respectively. These values were 1.7- to 2.0-fold greater than in the nonswimming muscles. Myoglobin concentration, citrate synthase activity, and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase were 1.1- to 2. 3-fold greate...