Characterization and parametric study of mesoporous calcium titanate catalyst for transesterification of waste cooking oil into biodiesel (original) (raw)
Related papers
Energy Conversion and Management, 2018
Due to the superior catalytic property of calcium oxide in biodiesel production via transesterification, it is necessary to modify such catalyst to retain the catalytic property while overcoming the disadvantages related to the catalyst application in the process. The present study focused on the kinetic and thermodynamic studies on the transesterification of used cooking oil (UCO) catalyzed by mesoporous calcium titanate (MCT). The experiments were performed at room temperature, 65°C, and 100°C. Among the various models being studied, the Pseudo First order is the best model to describe the reaction kinetic. Data analysis showed that the rate constants, k, varied in the range of 0.0233-0.058 s −1 , while the activation energy, E a was determined to be 21.25 kJ•mol −1. The following parameters were also obtained: −24 kJ•mol −1 for enthalpy (ΔH), −0.16 kJ•mol −1. K −1 for entropy (ΔS) and 25.62-35.70 kJ•mol −1 for Gibb's free energy (ΔG). The results showed that the reaction was exothermic (ΔH < 0), and that the biodiesel oxidation reaction is non-spontaneous and endergonic in nature (ΔG > 0). This study demonstrates the potential of MCT catalyst in promoting the conversion UCO into biodiesel with high quality fuel properties.
Energies, 2018
Although many types of heterogeneous catalysts have been applied to the transesterification reaction, some of them are unsuitable for industrial applications due to their high price and the extra preparation required to synthesize them. Calcium methoxide is a low cost, strong base with high catalytic activity and is thus commonly used in the biofuels synthesis process during the transesterification reaction. The objective of this study was to determine the optimized conversion in the transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil (WCO) for biodiesel production by using a homogenizer with a calcium methoxide catalyst. It was shown that the optimal reaction conditions are a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, 4 wt % Ca(OCH3)2, a reaction temperature of 65 °C, a rotation speed of 7000 rpm, and a reaction time of 90 min. The conversion rate under these conditions reached 90.2%. Ca(OCH3)2 thus has potential as a catalyst for industrial use. In addition, with a homogenizer system, the ...
Biodiesel production and application are gaining popularity in recent times due to diminishing petroleum reserves and detrimental environmental impacts. Edible and non-edible oils are transesterified in the presences alcohol and a suitable catalyst to prepare the esters of the corresponding alcohol, commonly called as biodiesel. In this research, biodiesel was produced from waste cooking oil using calcium etoxide catalyst (CETCAT). A 95% of biodiesel was obtained when CETCAT catalyzed waste cooking oil with present of methanol. Besides exhibits an excellent catalytic activity, the CETCAT also very cost effective, easily prepared, can be recycle and possesses high stability towards chemical poisoning effects.
Fuel, 2008
In order to study solid base catalyst for biodiesel production with environmental benignity, transesterification of edible soybean oil with refluxing methanol was carried out in the presence of calcium oxide (CaO), -hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ), or -carbonate (CaCO 3 ). At 1 h of reaction time, yield of FAME was 93% for CaO, 12% for Ca(OH) 2 , and 0% for CaCO 3 . Under the same reacting condition, sodium hydroxide with the homogeneous catalysis brought about the complete conversion into FAME. Also, CaO was used for the further tests transesterifying waste cooking oil (WCO) with acid value of 5.1 mg-KOH/g. The yield of FAME was above 99% at 2 h of reaction time, but a portion of catalyst changed into calcium soap by reacting with free fatty acids included in WCO at initial stage of the transesterification. Owing to the neutralizing reaction of the catalyst, concentration of calcium in FAME increased from 187 ppm to 3065 ppm. By processing WCO at reflux of methanol in the presence of cation-exchange resin, only the free fatty acids could be converted into FAME. The transesterification of the processed WCO with acid value of 0.3 mg-KOH/g resulted in the production of FAME including calcium of 565 ppm.
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 2016
This paper was purposed for testing reusability and stability of calcium oxide-based catalyst (K2O/CaO-ZnO) over transesterification reaction of soybean oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. The K2O/CaO-ZnO catalyst was synthesized by co-precipitation method of calcium and zinc nitrates followed by impregnation of potassium nitrate. The fresh and used catalysts were tested after regeneration. The catalysts were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and BET Surface Area in order to compare the catalyst structure between the fresh and used catalysts. The catalyst testing in transesterification proses was carried out at following operating conditions, i.e. catalyst weight of 6 wt.%, oil to methanol mole ratio of 1:15, and temperature of 60 oC. In addition, metal oxide leaching of K2O/CaO-ZnO catalyst during reaction was also tested. From the results, the catalysts exhibited high catalytic activity (80% fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield after three-cycles of usage) and acceptable reusability after regeneration. The catalyst also showed acceptable stability of catalytic activity, even after three-cycles of usage.
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Calcium oxide was obtained from waste fish bones that has been carried out systematically by decomposition at various temperatures that 800oC, 900oC and 1000oC for 4 hours. Calcium oxide from the decomposition process was characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM EDX and SAA. The result of XRD Diffractogram showed that the crystallinity increased as the calcination temperature increased. The absorption bands in the FTIR spectra of calcium oxide from calcined waste fish bones shown at 355 cm-1 region indicated CaO vibration, which was reinforced by the emergence of a peak at 859 cm-1. Based on the analysis using SEM EDX, the calcined waste fish bones typically irregular particles and contained dominant calcium element. The low value of BET surface area and the total of pore volume were consistent with the adsorption measurement with SAA. The calcium oxide was applied for biodiesel synthesis from Waste cooking oil through transesterification reaction. The result of the optimization that the ...
2020
Biodiesel can be produced through the transesterification reaction of a short-chain alcohol with a triacylglycerol, that can be obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats, in the presence of a catalyst. The use of ethanol as reactant is justified since its production is consolidated in Brazil. Among the heterogeneous catalysts, CaO shows potential in the transesterification reactions because it has a low cost, can be reused and is not corrosive. The recycling of frying oil for the production of biodiesel represents an alternative for the disposal of a waste and does not compete with the food industry. The residual oil and CaO were subjected to a pre-treatment before the transesterification reactions. A Box-Behnken experimental design was applied with 3 factors: temperature, ethanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time. The reactions were carried out in a batch reactor, in which oil, ethanol and the catalyst were added. The samples were vacuum filtered and conducted to a rotary evapora...
Energies, 2019
In this study, micro-structured calcium oxide obtained from the calcination (850 °C for 3 h) of Gallus gallus domesticus (chicken) eggshells was used as a catalyst in the transesterification of soybean oil. This catalyst was characterized by Scanning Electron Spectroscopy (SEM) methods. The structure of the obtained CaO showed several agglomerates of white granular solids with a non-regular and unsymmetrical shape. In terms of calcium oxide catalytic activity, three different catalyst loadings (1%wt, 3%wt, and 5%wt) were tested for the same reaction conditions, resulting in transesterification yields of 77.27%wt, 84.53%wt, and 85.83%wt respectively. The results were compared to the current literature, and whilst they were lower, they were promising, allowing us to conclude that the tendency of yield improvement for this reaction, when the size range of catalyst particles is to be reduced to a nano scale, can be verified.
Transstellar Journal , 2019
The fossil fuels, which are non-renewable are depleted at a faster rate and leading to the issue of energy crises. Therefore, it is necessary to look for a fuel source that will substitute the fossil fuel and meets the energy requirement. Biodiesel is considered as a promising fuel and can be produced from vegetable oils, naturally available plants and organic waste and also from non-edible oils. The process of biodiesel production from transesterification reduces the issue of dependency on non-renewable resources. The drawbacks associated with the process are higher production cost, final product has to be purified and the process has technical limitations such as operating conditions and the catalyst used. Therefore, the transesterification process has to be modified with respect to the operating conditions and the expensive catalyst. The catalyst required can be produced from naturally available waste materials which reduce the cost of the overall process. The calcium oxide produced from the waste materials can be used as the catalyst for the production of biodiesel. The present study reviews the production of calcium oxide as catalyst from various naturally available waste materials for transesterification process.
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 2019
This work has investigated the reusability of silica-titania in various temperatures (50 – 70°C) of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. The reused silica-titania catalyst collected from silica-titania catalyst waste produced from the process of separating the catalyst from biodiesel products from palm oil and used cooking oil at various temperatures. The 1st and 2nd reused SiO2-TiO2 were characterized by DR UV-Vis and the spectra were deconvoluted for calculate the fraction of titanium in tetrahedral coordination. In addition the biodiesel products were characterized using FTIR, and several properties of biodiesel such as density, flow rate and acid value were analyzed in order to get the information about catalytic activity reused SiO2-TiO2. The results show the titanium tetrahedral fraction in reused catalyst (1st) and (2nd) are found to be 24,98% and 24.65%, respectively. The FTIR characterization of biodiesel products and waste cooking oil are almost similar. The analysis of waste cooking oil converted to biodiesel shows an optimum temperature of 50oC that at this temperature the lowest density or highest flow rate gave highest conversion of 47.82% using BCR1 and 39.13% using BCR2.