A Cross Sectional Survey of Iodized Salt Consumption and Assessment of Community Knowledge at Household Level in Tribal Area of North India (original) (raw)
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An Evaluation of National Iodine Disorder Deficiency Control Programme (NIDDCP) in India was undertaken by National Institute of Health and Family Welfare on the behest of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in the year 2005-06 in ten States of the country selected from North, East, South, West and Central Regions. The objective of evaluation was to find out the level of awareness about use of iodised salt by the community. The data was collected using semi-structured interview schedules from households regarding knowledge, attitude and behavior about consumption of salt. Salt samples from 2404 households, both from urban and rural areas, were tested on the spot using MBI kits. It was found that more than 72 per cent respondents were aware about the iodised salt. Regarding ban on sale of uniodised salt, only 10 per cent respondents were aware. Except Giotre, other ill-effects of IDDs were hardly known to the community. Major source of information about this awareness was television. Iodised salt was easily available at a distance of less than a km. It was found that consumption of non-iodised salt was common in salt producing States because small producers were usually selling non-iodised salt in rural areas at cheaper rate as there was no check on transportation of salt through road. In rural areas salt was also being used for cattle consumption, bricks preparation, coconut trees, ice-cream preparation and burial purposes. Though the programme has been successful in ensuring the reach of iodised salt in remote areas but people still found the price of iodised salt unaffordable. The average rate to which people may like to purchase iodised salt was between rupees 2 to 3/-per kg.
Household use of iodized salt in rural area
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 2016
Background: Iodine deficiency is the world's single greatest cause of preventable mental retardation. In developing countries, only 69% of households are consuming iodized salt. Objective: To assess knowledge and practices with respect to the current use of iodized salt, and to estimate its uptake at the household level. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in six villages under Rural Health Training Center. A total number of households surveyed were 253. The data collectors obtained verbal consent from the Family, and Pretested Standardized Questionnaire was administered in every selected household. The respondents were asked questions regarding salt purchasing and consumption habits, salt storage, awareness of iodized salt, and iodine deficiency diseases. Rapid iodized salt test kit (MBI kit) was used in the survey to assess iodine content in salt used in households. Results: In this study, 93.7% households were using packet salt. The most common source of information was a television (31.1%). More than half (53.8%) of the households were unaware of the benefits of iodine. About 62.5% of households were consuming adequately iodized salt. Significant association was found between the practice of storing salt in closed containers and use of packaged iodized salt (Chi-square value −37.6, P < 0.001), awareness about the benefits of iodine and type of salt used (P = 0.02) while no association was observed between the socioeconomic status and type of salt used in the household. Conclusions: Though the use of packet salt was more than 90%, adequately iodized salt was consumed only in 62.5%, and more than half of the subjects lacked the knowledge about iodine deficiency diseases.
International Journal of Medical Sciences and Nursing Research, 2021
Background: Iodine deficiency disorder is common public health problem in developed and developing countries. In Worldwide, nearly 70% of the households only using adequate iodized salt in their regular food. To estimate the household salt utilization, prevalence of goiter, status of iodine deficiency disorder, and to find the iodine level at household level in the study areas. Materials and Methods: We have done a community-based observational study on IDD in the coastal areas of Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu with examined households salt in 1233 households in selected eight villages. All data were analyzed using Chi-Square test. p-value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Totally 1233 households were recruited and incorporated in this study. Among 1233 households, male 385 (31.2%) and female 848 (68.8%). The male and female age-group was showed statistically highly significant association with p<0.01. Out of 1233 individuals, 141 (11.4%) were found as total goiter. The prevalence of goiter was 105 (12.4%) in female than male was 36 (9.4%) and no statistical association between gender among goiter prevalence (p>0.05). Conclusion: From our present study findings, we have concluded that majority of the study population was used iodized salt in their regular food. But, very less adequately iodized salts were available nearby study areas. Nevertheless, majority of the households didn't know about the benefits about the usage of iodized salt. Health education is needed in to the shopkeepers and local vendors. This will be conducted by non-Governmental organization, Government organization and other nearby medical colleges.
An Evaluation of National Iodine Disorder Deficiency Control Programme (NIDDCP) in India was undertaken by National Institute of Health & Family Welfare on the behest of Ministry of Health & Family Welfare in the year 2005-06 in ten States of the country selected from North, East, South, West and Central Regions. The objective of evaluation was to find out the level of awareness about use of iodised salt by the community. The data was collected using semi-structured interview schedules from households regarding knowledge, attitude and behaviour about consumption of salt. Salt samples from 2404 households, both from urban and rural areas, were tested on the spot using MBI kits. It was found that more than 72 per cent respondents were aware about the iodised salt. Regarding ban on sale of uniodised salt, only 10 per cent respondents were aware. Except Giotre, other ill-effects of IDDs were hardly known to the community. Major source of information about this awareness was television. ...
Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 2018
Background: An Iodine deficiency disorder causes a major problem of brain damage in human beings and it is a major public health problem in India and worldwide. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding use of iodized salt among households and to find the iodine content level at the traders and retail vendors in the rural study areas of the Marakkanam block. Methods: A community based descriptive study on IDD was conducted in Marakkanam block population, Tamil Nadu with a sample size of 1233 individuals. Results: The goiter prevalence was high in female gender when compared with male and higher goiter prevalence rate was found in the lower economic group. Among 1233 individuals, 796 (64.6%) were heard about iodized salt, whereas 437 (35.4%) were not heard about it. Only 294 (23.8%) of the respondents were aware that iodine deficiency caused some disease or health problem. Total of 525 salt sample packets was collected at the traders' level and it that 99% of the salt samples were iodized but most of them weren't adequately iodized. Conclusion: From our present study, we have concluded that nearly one fourth of the study population didn't have enough knowledge about IDD and its consequences. To eliminate the lack of their knowledge on IDD by conducting an effective awareness programs. Try to eradicate IDD related diseases in the study areas by encouraging the community people to use iodized salt, encourage the retail shop owners, vendors to sell an adequate iodized salt packets and by reducing the cost of the iodized salt packets through Government of Tamilnadu or private Non-Governmental Organizations.
Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 2008
In Rajasthan, an Indian State with significant salt production, the sale of non-iodized salt for human consumption was banned in 1992. This study explored the relationships between the use of iodized salt in Rajasthan and the iodine status of children and pregnant women living in the area. In a State-wide survey, 30 clusters were selected proportionate-to-population-size and 40 school children, 6-12 years old, were enrolled by random house-to-house visits in each cluster. Twelve pregnant women from the same households were also sampled. Salt used for cooking and a casual urine sample from each child and pregnant woman were collected. The salt iodine content was measured by titration and the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) by a quality-assured colorimetric method. Salt iodine content was >or=15 mg/kg in 41.9% of the households, and 23.0% used non-iodized salt. Median UIC was 139 microg/L in children and 127 microg/L in pregnant women. In households using non-iodized salt, the m...
Journal of health, …, 2010
Iodine deficiency is endemic in West Bengal as evident from earlier studies. This community-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in North 24 Parganas district during August-November 2005 to assess the consumption of adequately-iodized salt and to ascertain the various factors that influence access to iodized salt. In total, 506 households selected using the multi-stage cluster-sampling technique and all 79 retail shops from where the study households buy salt were surveyed. The iodine content of salt was tested by spot iodine-testing kits. Seventy-three percent of the households consumed salt with adequate iodine content (≥15 ppm). Consumption of adequately-iodized salt was lower among rural residents [prevalence ratio (PR): 0.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7-0.9], Muslims (PR: 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-0.9), and households with monthly per-capita income of ≤US$ 10 (PR: 0.7, 95% CI 0.6-0.8). Those who heard and were aware of the risk of iodine-deficiency disorders and of the benefit of iodized salt were more likely to use appropriate salt (PR: 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.3). Those who were aware of the ban on non-iodized salt were more likely to consume adequately-iodized salt (PR: 1.1, 95% CI 1.01-1.3). The iodine content was higher in salt sold in sealed packets (PR: 2.9, 95% CI 1.8-4.8) and stored on shelves (PR: 1.6, 95% CI 1.3-2.0). Seventy-two percent of the salt samples from the retail shops had the iodine content of ≥15 ppm. The findings indicate that elimination of iodine deficiency will require targeting the vulnerable and poor population.
Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) control in India
The Indian journal of medical research, 2013
Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) constitute the single largest cause of preventable brain damage worldwide. Majority of consequences of IDD are invisible and irreversible but at the same time these are preventable. In India, the entire population is prone to IDD due to deficiency of iodine in the soil of the subcontinent and consequently the food derived from it. To combat the risk of IDD, salt is fortified with iodine. However, an estimated 350 million people do not consume adequately iodized salt and, therefore, are at risk for IDD. Of the 325 districts surveyed in India so far, 263 are IDD-endemic. The current household level iodized salt coverage in India is 91 per cent with 71 per cent households consuming adequately iodized salt. The IDD control goal in India was to reduce the prevalence of IDD below 10 per cent in the entire country by 2012. What is required is a "mission approach" with greater coordination amongst all stakeholders of IDD control efforts in India. ...
Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021
Aim: To evaluate the household iodine content and knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding salt iodization among the residents of Cumilla, Bangladesh. Subjects and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 700 inhabitants in Cumilla's urban and rural areas to determine the iodine concentration of salt they consume. The participants were asked about what they know about iodine deficiency and salt iodization as well as how their salt was packaged and stored. Among them, 338 people provided a sample of salt to be tested of its iodine content by the titrimetric method. Results: 46.57% of people knew that iodization was the best way to prevent iodine deficiency while 35.14% considered salt iodization during purchasing. Most people stored salt in plastic boxes (89.7%) and closed containers (84.14%).Among all participants, only 37.14% of people were aware of the iodine requirement during pregnancy. In urban regions, the median iodine content was 36.76 ppm (OR=0.658, 95% CI, ...
Public Health Review: International Journal of Public Health Research, 2018
Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) are important public health problem which can be prevented by consumption of iodized salt. For sustainable elimination of IDDs, the goal of universal salt iodization (USI) is to cover more than 90% of household to consume adequately iodized salt. This study was conducted with objectives to assess knowledge and practices regarding salt consumption and to find the factors associated with consumption of adequately iodized salt in selected districts of traditional goitre belt of Bihar. Materials and Methods: The study was a community based cross-sectional study conducted in three districts of Bihar by using cluster sampling technique from January 2018 to March 2018. Results: Only 1.7% children and 33% adults were able to identify the condition of goitre. Among adults who identified the case as goitre, around 52% respondents had correct knowledge about cause of goitre. Around 30% caregivers knew the brand name of salt that was used in their household and only 19% of adults had heard about iodized salt.In around 13% households; salt was added at the end of cooking during food preparation. Adequately iodized salt was consumed in 73.5% households. The salt stored in air tight container had significantly higher iodine content in comparison to salt stored in open container (p=0.041). Conclusion: The knowledge among people regarding IDDs and iodized salt was very poor which need to be focused in our national programme. The goal of USI regarding iodized salt consumption is yet to be achieved in these districts.