An improvement to the transesterification process by the use of co-solvents to produce biodiesel (original) (raw)
Related papers
Production of Biodiesel in the Presence of Co-Solvents in Transesterification: A Review
Consumption of fossil fuels has resulted in several economic and environmental consequences, prompting a quest for renewable energy sources rather than a reliance on fossil fuels. Biodiesel is a renewable source of energy that can be substituted for fossil fuel-based diesel fuel. Transesterification is the most economically viable way of producing biodiesel. However, the biodiesel manufacturing method based on transesterification has a disadvantage due to the immiscibility of the two key reactants, alcohol and oil, which results in a mass transfer resistance and reduces biodiesel yield. Several researchers have investigated using another solvent called a co-solvent to overcome the mass transfer barrier in the reaction medium. The purpose of this review was to examine the influence of several co-solvents on biodiesel synthesis that had been previously investigated the research.
Transesterification for biodiesel-a review
International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 2019
Synthesis of fuel from various low cost feed stocks solves the problem of solid waste management while synthesizing the biofuel. In transesterification, the oil is converted to biodiesel. Transesterification can be categorized into three categories namely base catalyzed, acid catalyzed and acid-base catalyzed. Also lipase made transesterification is one another category of such reactions. Transesterification consists of number of reversible reactions. Microwave assisted and ultrasonic transesterification are two advanced categories of transesterification reactions. The economy of transesterification process depends largely on the use of feed stock. Also use of appropriate catalyst has a major role to play. The performance of the reaction process with use of various acid, base and organic catalysts is one promising field of investigation. Transesterification of the palm oil and seed oil is widely investigated research area. Various aspects of this process such as catalyst use, affecting parameters, starting materials, reaction steps, kinetics and modeling are are being studied in order to make the process more acceptable and practical on industrial scale.
Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification—a review
Renewable and sustainable energy …, 2006
Biodiesel is gaining more and more importance as an attractive fuel due to the depleting fossil fuel resources. Chemically biodiesel is monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable feed stock like vegetable oils and animal fats. It is produced by transesterification in which, oil or fat is reacted with a monohydric alcohol in presence of a catalyst. The process of transesterification is affected by the mode of reaction condition, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol, type and amount of catalysts, reaction time and temperature and purity of reactants. In the present paper various methods of preparation of biodiesel with different combination of oil and catalysts have been described. The technical tools and processes for monitoring the transesterification reactions like TLC, GC, HPLC, GPC, 1 H NMR and NIR have also been summarized. In addition, fuel properties and specifications provided by different countries are discussed. q
Biodiesel production by enzyme-catalyzed transesterification
Hemijska industrija, 2005
The principles and kinetics of biodiesel production from vegetable oils using lipase-catalyzed transesterification are reviewed. The most important operating factors affecting the reaction and the yield of alkyl esters, such as: the type and form of lipase, the type of alcohol, the presence of organic solvents, the content of water in the oil, temperature and the presence of glycerol are discussed. In order to estimate the prospects of lipase-catalyzed transesterification for industrial application, the factors which influence the kinetics of chemically-catalysed transesterification are also considered. The advantages of lipase-catalyzed transesterification compared to the chemically-catalysed reaction, are pointed out. The cost of down-processing and ecological problems are significantly reduced by applying lipases. It was also emphasized that lipase-catalysed transesterification should be greatly improved in order to make it commercially applicable. The further optimization of lip...
2016
In the recent times the biodiesel has becomes one of the most notable alternative fuel for diesel engines because of owing to biodegradability, renewability and low toxicity. The biodiesel is produced by a variety of feedstocks such as edible oil, non-edible oil and waste cooking oil. Transesterification process is generally used for biodiesel production. In transesterification process catalysts are used for carrying out the reaction. In the reaction the catalyst performs a crucial role in the conversion of biodiesel of free acid or feed stocks to respective esters at faster rate and in minimum reaction temperature. The production of biodiesel by transesterification have been done by several researchers using methanol or ethanol along with catalysts of different kinds catalyst. The catalysts used for production of biodiesel are homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. Several researchers have worked on development of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification pr...
Transesterification with heterogeneous catalyst in production of biodiesel: a review
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2013
Biodiesel, an alternative and renewable fuel for diesel engines, has become more attractive in recent times because of its renewability, biodegradability, nontoxicity and carbon neutrality. Biodiesel consists of mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids, more commonly methyl esters and is typically made from biological resources such as plant seed oils, animal fats or even waste cooking oils by transesterification with methanol. Transesterification reactions are catalyzed by acids, bases and enzymes. Heterogeneous catalysts are promising and receiving attention for the production of biodiesel. In the present paper, an attempt is being made to review on heterogeneous catalyst used in the production of biodiesel.
Biodiesel production by two-stage transesterification with ethanol
Bioresource Technology, 2011
A two-stage process consisting of two reactions steps with glycerin separation and ethanol/catalyst addition in each of them was optimized for ethyl esters production. The optimal reaction temperature was 55 °C. At an ethanol/oil molar ratio of 4.25:1 (25% v/v alcohol with respect to oil), a 99% conversion value was obtained with low ethanol consumption. In contrast to methoxide catalysts, sodium and potassium hydroxide catalysts severely complicate the purification since no phase separation took place under most conditions. With a total sodium methoxide concentration of 1.06 g catalyst/100 g oil, and adding 50% of the catalyst in each reaction step, biodiesel with a total glycerin content of 0.172% was obtained. The optimal conditions found in this study make it possible to use the same industrial facility to produce either methyl or ethyl esters.► High quality ethanol based biodiesel is produced carrying out the reaction in a two-stage process. ► Experimental conditions were selected in order to maximize the reaction conversion. ► The conversion as required in international quality standards are met with mild reaction conditions. ► Catalyst and alcohol consumptions are similar to those used in the methanol process.
Catalysis in Biodiesel Production by Transesterification Processes-An Insight
EJ Chem, 2010
Biodiesel is the mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable lipid feedstock, such as vegetable oils and animal fats, for use in compression ignition (diesel) engines. The conversion of component triglycerides in oils to simple alkyl esters with short chain alcohols like methanol and ethanol amongst others is achieved mainly by transesterification. The transesterification reaction, a reversible process proceeds appreciably by the addition of catalysts, which can be acidic, basic or organic in nature, usually in molar excess of alcohol. The economy of the process depends on the type and quantity of catalyst used among other factors. The catalyst can be homogeneous or heterogeneous depending on whether it is in the same or different phase with the reactants; oils and alcohols. This paper attempts to give an insight into some of the various types of catalysts that have been used to effect the transesterification of vegetable, waste and animal oils in biodiesel production.
REVIEW Biodiesel Fuel Production by Transesterification of Oils
Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters), which is derived from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol, has attracted considerable attention during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable , and nontoxic fuel. Several processes for biodiesel fuel production have been developed, among which transesterification using alkali-catalysis gives high levels of conversion of triglycer-ides to their corresponding methyl esters in short reaction times. This process has therefore been widely utilized for biodiesel fuel production in a number of countries. Recently, enzymatic trans-esterification using lipase has become more attractive for biodiesel fuel production, since the glyc-erol produced as a by-product can easily be recovered and the purification of fatty methyl esters is simple to accomplish. The main hurdle to the commercialization of this system is the cost of lipase production. As a means of reducing the cost, the use of whole cell biocatalysts immobilized within biomass support particles is significantly advantageous since immobilization can be achieved spontaneously during batch cultivation, and in addition, no purification is necessary. The lipase production cost can be further lowered using genetic engineering technology, such as by developing lipases with high levels of expression and/or stability towards methanol. Hence, whole cell bio-catalysts appear to have great potential for industrial application.