A Specific Approach for Estimating Traffic-Induced Urban Pollution (original) (raw)
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Traffic is one of the main sources of CO 2 in Serbia, as well as in the world. The subject of this study is to determine city streets as sources of CO 2 emission in south Serbian city of Niš. In order to make these possible, measurements were carried out of frequency of traffic at critical intersections in the city, measurement of the concentration of CO 2 , as well as monitoring of a direction of the vehicle at the crossroad. Based on these data, the connection has been established between the traffic flow at crossroads, and traffic flow on the roads, between monitored crossroads, enabling the definition of CO 2 emissions on the road. Also, this makes it possible to perform classification of streets according to their annual emissivity.
Estimating Urban Road Transport Vehicles Emissions in the Rijeka City Streets
Promet-traffic & Transportation, 2021
The growing demand for private and public transport services in urban areas requires sophisticated approaches to achieve satisfactory mobility standards in urban areas. Some of the main problems in urban areas today are road congestions and consequently vehicle emissions. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodological approach for the estimation of vehicle emissions. The proposed methodology is based on two interrelated models. The first model is a microscopic simulation SUMO model which can be used to identify the most congested urban areas and roads with critical values of traffic parameters. The second model is the COPERT Street Level for estimating vehicle emissions. The proposed models were tested on the urban area of Rijeka. The results of the microscopic SUMO simulation model indicate six urban roads with the critical traffic flow parameters. On the basis of the six identified urban roads, an estimation of vehicle emissions was carried out for specific time periods: 2017, 2020, 2025, and 2030. According to the results of the second model, the urban road R20-21 was identified as the most polluted road in the urban district of Rijeka. The results indicate that over the period 2017-2030, CO emissions will be reduced on average by 57% on all observed urban roads, CO 2 emissions by 20%, and PM emissions by 58%, while the largest reduction of 65% will be in NO x emissions.
2019
This study focuses on the impact of traffic variables; vehicular speed, traffic volume and road gradient, that have a significant impact on vehicle emissions and the corresponding quantity of air pollutants. These factors are normally addressed when devising general and detailed urban plans. Such factors are normally used to assess the adverse effects resulting from motor vehicles dominating roads and highways, including environmental hazards, such as air and noise pollution. Moreover, they identify environmental impacts of road and traffic planning. The study focuses on environmental issues that can be considered and modeled in order to be included in all generalized plans. In this study, concentrations of CO, NO, TVOCs and SO were monitored periodically at various sampling sites. The study revealed that the concentration of air pollutants showed a high correlation with traffic flow and prevailing road gradients. The concentrations of SO2, NO2, CO and TVOCs were highly correlated t...
An Assessment of the Traffic-Related Emissions in the City on Niš
2017
The most of the air pollution originates from combustion processes, so it is important to make quantitative as well as qualitative analysis, as the sources of pollution can be stochastic - especially the road traffic. The goal of the study is to determine closer road traffic as one of the major sources of the pollution in the city of Nis. The analysis was performed on the vehicle fleet composition and the estimation of the annual mileage on the city territory. These data were used as the input for the COPERT methodology of air pollutant emissions calculation from road transport. Based on these data, annual emissions of CO 2 and major pollutants were calculated, as well as the specific average emissions on roads.
Method for Inventorying Co Emissions from Road Traffic in Urban Areas Through Transport Modeling
Environmental Engineering and Management Journal
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gas obtained both from natural sources (bush fires, volcanic emissions and electric discharges) and by anthropogenic processes (incomplete combustion of fossil fuels). Together with particulate matter, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, it is part of the air pollutants associated with the transport sector, which have a negative impact on human health, animals and vegetation. In this paper the authors propose a methodology for assessing CO emissions from road traffic in urban areas, created by harmonization between a traffic estimation model, which takes into account the land use functions and the user behavior, and a CO emissions estimation model, which takes into consideration the average travel speed and the engine type of each motor vehicle from the traffic flow. Within the case study in which this methodology is applied we have estimated a reduction in the CO emissions produced by road traffic in the city of Pitesti, as a result of the fact that the existing road network was completed with a bypass road. It is highlighted that for the internal network of the city, in the peak traffic interval in the morning, the level of emissions in the atmosphere is 30% lower than in the case in which the transit traffic would use the urban network instead of the bypass road. The presented methodology is a very useful tool in quantifying the environmental impact produced by road traffic, specific to different situations of land use and transport networks.
Characterization of traffic-generated pollutants in Bucharest
Atmósfera, 2009
La directiva 96/62/EC del Consejo de la Unión Europea sobre determinación y manejo de la calidad del aire ambiental establece que deben existir planes de acción para las zonas donde la concentración de contaminantes excede los valores límite. En las áreas urbanas dichos valores límite se rebasan en especial debido al tráfico. En este trabajo analizamos la variabilidad temporal de los niveles de concentración de NO X , O 3 y SO 2 en dos cañones urbanos. La distribución de las concentraciones demuestra que el tráfico es la fuente más importante de NO X , contaminante que se emite por la operación de los motores vehiculares. El nivel de contaminación en la calle U2 es 25% menor que el de la calle U1, aún cuando el tráfico cuantificado en la calle U2 es 50% menor que el de la U1. Esto se debe a que la geometría y la ubicación de las calles es diferente.
Traffic pollution modelling and emission data
Environmental Modelling & Software, 2006
Evaluation of traffic pollution in streets requires basically information on three main factors: traffic emissions, the meteorological conditions and the street surroundings. Dispersion models exist with various degree of sophistication, which are able to properly describe the dispersion conditions, and thus to predict the relationships between emissions and the concentration levels in the street. However, for real-world applications, the model calculations must be based on ''true'' emission data, and their estimation is not trivial. Significant uncertainty is still connected with emission data. Examining the relationships between model predictions and measurements with respect to the meteorological conditions and inter-relationships between different pollution components allows quantitative evaluation of the traffic emissions. This methodology is illustrated using the Danish Operational Street Pollution Model e OSPM, and time series of traffic related pollutants. Street level concentrations of NO x and CO are calculated using OSPM as the dispersion model and emission data estimated by the widely used COPERT methodology. Comparison with measurements shows significant underestimation of the pollution concentrations and especially the CO/NO x ratio. An alternative set of traffic emission factors, using a more simplified vehicle classification methodology, provides better agreement with the measured concentrations. Evaluation of these results provides some guidance on the necessary modifications of the ''real-world'' traffic emission factors.
Vehicular traffic as a method to evaluate air pollution in large cities
Air pollution is a major concern for public health. Among the studies conducted to evaluate the association between air pollution and a wide variety of outcomes, some have used motor vehicle traffic data as a method for exposure assessment. This paper intends to revise and discuss some of the methodological aspects of studies that used this method, especially in areas where vehicles are the main generating source of pollutants. We performed a literature search with keywords related to air pollution and vehicle traffic, and selected articles published between the years 2000 to 2009. We noted different approaches for assessing the exposure among the studies using vehicle traffic, with emphasis on the method named Distance Weighted Traffic Density, which considers the number of roads, the distance from the location of interest and traffic itself. Moreover, we highlight the importance of using techniques such as geographic information systems (GIS) to measure this exposure.
Serbian Road Transport and Pollutant Emissions: An Indicator Based Review and Comparative Analysis
International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering, 2012
Road transport has contributed significantly to increasing air pollution in Serbia. This paper deals with characteristics of road transport in Serbia examined from the aspect of its contribution to overall air pollution. This is done by comparative analysis of changes in amounts of air pollution substances produced by road traffic in Serbia and in EEA-32 countries in the last two decades. The goal of this paper is to examine the causes for the current situation in road transport in Serbia in terms of air pollution and attempts to identify some of the most important measures that have contributed to transport related air pollution reduction in EEA-32 countries. This paper also attempts to give a brief review of the level of inventorying and reporting of transport related emissions in Serbia and emphasizes the importance of establishing and maintaining accurate and reliable transport related emission databases.
Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 2019
In the past years, there has been great interest in developing tools for an effective management including the evaluation of the impact of different policies on decreasing greenhouse gas emissions (CO2) and other transport pollutant-related emissions, especially in the urban areas. This paper represents a first attempt to study a new approach to identify criticalities of pollutant emissions associated with road traffic in urban areas. The tool we propose concerns the development of an emission indicator, a proxy measure, which is useful for the assessment of emission problems, based on the use of GPS (Global Positioning System) instantaneous vehicle speed data. It can be considered an innovative and adequate solution in many cases in which the development of a valid and robust traffic simulation model, especially DTA (dynamic traffic assignment), is not available in the medium-and short-term horizon. The methodological process concerns the monitoring of road traffic conditions using GPS data from probe vehicles in combination with the use of GIS (Geographic Information System) for the estimation of an emission indicator. The tool was tested in a real case study in Romania for CO2 emissions. The results show the utility of the tool in policy and decision making, due to its ease of application and consistency, especially in defining critical areas and that it can be used in any other urban contexts with GPS data availability. Further developments will deal with the computation of the emission indicator for other pollutants and validation of the approach by applying other methods and comparing the results. The analysis of the results could be focused not on the capacity to evaluate emissions but on the development of a proxy measure useful in the planning process.