Results of natural science analyzes of the Baden culture materials in the Šariš region, north-eastern Slovakia (original) (raw)
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This contribution evaluates the results of field research and theoretical research at Slovak sites of the Baden culture in the northern basin of the Tisza river. We will discuss the most important sites which provided a firm basis for the evaluation of the topography and settlement types, settlement objects and material culture. We still have little information concerning burial grounds and burial rites. Regarding the search for and provision of organic material for radiocarbon analysis, the situation is unsatisfactory. The database of radiocarbon data now consists of only eight samples from the sites of Šarišské Michaľany, Prešov-Solivar, Stránska and Kašov. During the middle Eneolithic and the post-Baden period, various cultural influences from the Balkans and east European zone penetrated into the regions of Eastern Slovakia and Gemer. This is documented by ceramic finds of foreign provenance which remarkably differ from local pottery models in their technological qualities, shapes and decoration. We leave the determination of the cultural origin of finds for an expert discussion, due to unknown analogies. There are also obvious contacts with people settled in the region north and northeast of the Carpathian ridge, where stone tools made of Jurassic Kraków, Świeciechów and striped flint (from southern Poland), as well as Volyn and cretaceous flint (from Ukraine), originate.
The northern parts of Slovakia, which make up the inner edge of the Carpathian Arc (Western Carpathians), are formed by a chain of massifs of core mountains and tectonic depressions in the form of basins and mountain valleys. The geomorphology of the territory was a determining factor influencing the interest of prehistoric populations in these mountainous regions and essentially marked their cultural picture as well as their settlement strategies. After its sporadic settlement in the period of the Linear Pottery culture (except for the territory of Spiš) and in the period of the Epilengyel horizon, the territory was more continuously settled only at the end of the middle and in the late Copper Age by people of the Baden culture. The settlement of young Baden populations was manifested specifically by the building of hilltop settlements, often fortified, featuring specific categories of archaeological finds. Drawing on some new finds, the paper attempts to sum up the views of the character and function of hilltop settlements in the mountain areas of Orava, Spiš, and the Liptov basin.
Centenary of Jaroslav Palliardi's Neolithic and Aeneolithic Relative Chronology, J. Kovární k et al. (ed.), Hradec Králové – Ústí nad Orlicí, 253-262., 2016
By 2014, started a new Polish-Slovak research project carried out by the Archaeological Museum in Kraków and the institute of Archaeology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Nitra, and funded by the National Science Centre Poland. The main aim of the project is to investigate cultural relations between settlement concentrations of the Baden culture in the area of the lesser Poland and eastern Slovakia (3300–2900 BC). The research on settlement on these areas, divided by Western Carpathians, indicates a range of close similarities in the material culture. Analyses of various categories of sources permit us to investigate issues of genesis, chronology, mutual relations and regularities of the Baden settlement in the area of lesser Poland and eastern Slovakia. Up to now, the similar comprehensive and comparative analyses of traits of the Baden culture in neighbouring geographical regions have not been undertaken in the research on the Baden circle in Central europe.
Slovenská archeológia, 2017
We do not know burial customs of the Baden culture people in the territory of Eastern Slovakia. Unique cremation burials have been reported only from Veľký Slavkov and Spišské Tomášovce-Hadušovce. However, their find situations have not been explained or published. Part of an incomplete human skeleton comes from a settlement pit in Streda nad Bodrogom, but the place where the finds and anthropological remains from the feature are deposited is still unknown. This makes the unexpected find of at least one cremation burial of the Baden culture from Veľký Šariš even more valuable. It was documented and rescued during the investigation of the exterior of the St. Cunigunde's chapel, which is a national monument from the late Gothic. Another group of vessels, without anthropological remains, comes from the supposed second Baden burial from the same site. The newly discovered finds from Veľký Šariš represent relics close to the oldest horizon of the Baden culture in Eastern Slovakia. On the basis of the analysis of the typological-chronological features of pottery, within relative chronology, they can be dated to stage Baden II at the latest.
Western Slovakia during the period of Post-Baden cultural development
In the last period of the Baden culture, in the second half of the 4th millennium, new cultural units already belonging to the Late Eneolithic crystallized in the area of its primary centre. The Baden culture legacy was maintained at its longest in the mountainous areas of central and northern Slovakia. Western Slovakia was inhabited by the people of the Jevišovice and Bošáca cultures with a distribution of finds similar to more distant regions of Lesser Poland and Bohemia. The Inner Carpathian area in this period was also the place of important cultural crossroads in Central Europe. The object of this paper is to present the current state of research on the Post-Baden period in western Slovakia and to define concomitant problems.
New settlement of the Baden culture at site 8 in Kraków-Bieżanów, Lesser Poland
The Baden culture around the Western Carpathians eds. M. Nowak, A. Zastawny; „Via Archaeologica. Źródła z badań wykopaliskowych na trasie autostrady A4 w Małopolsce” , 2015
Site 8 in Kraków-Bieżanów is located on a promontory-like ramification of the northern slope of the Kaim Hill and reaches up to 231 m a.s.l. In the period between 2000 and 2007, rescue excavations that were connected with the construction of motorway A4 were conducted at the site. The site is a vast settlement complex representing human inhabitancy from the Late Palaeolithic up until modern times. In total, an area of 4,36 ha was explored. Amongst the discovered remains, 8 features, as well as 3393 pottery fragments that were found within both the features and the cultural layer, were ascribed to the Baden culture. Moreover, 3 clay spindle whorls and 27 flint artefacts of the culture in question were obtained from the features. Attention should be paid to feature 422, which had a deposit of ceramic cups that was placed in a characteristic alignment; this deposit has close analogues among other assemblages of the Baden culture. Characteristics of the earthenware, as well as radiocarbon dating obtained from feature 511, allow the dating of the assemblage discussed herein to the late classical Baden horizon.