Domestic Dishwasher Simulated Energy Efficiency Evaluation Using Thermoelectric Heat Pump for Water Heating and Dish Drying (original) (raw)
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Novel Dishwasher with Thermal Storage and Thermoelectric Heat Recovery
2021
Residential dishwashers typically consume domestic hot water, heat it further with electric resistance heating elements, and drain the soiled heated water before each subsequent water fill. During the final rinse, the water is heated to a temperature of approximately 54.5–57.2°C (130–135°F) to heat the load and promote passive drying after the final drain event. In this work, the energy consumption, water consumption, and drying performance of a conventional dishwasher were measured under test conditions similar to U.S. energy efficiency test standards but with an unsoiled load. These measurements were considered baseline performance metrics. The dishwasher was then experimentally modified to recover heat from the drain water utilizing thermoelectric (TE) heat pump modules and a thermal storage component. The TEs were also used during the drying phase to improve the drying of the load. The novel dishwasher was operated in the laboratory under the same conditions as the baseline unit...
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Research efforts addressing large U.S. consumers can generate impactful reductions on the global energy picture. 41% of U.S. energy consumption is from buildings, 22% residential versus 19% commercial. Household appliances combine to 27%, the second largest residential site energy usage. With many appliances converting electricity to heat and generating waste heat, the authors propose energy reduction through thermal integration of all major appliances. The novel approach will require adding equipment and modifications to existing appliances for thermal sharing. A Modelica model is built for each appliance and simulated to quantify energy savings. The dishwasher is the first appliance investigated by installing a heat exchanger to heat the process water via an external hot water loop instead of the electric calrod heater. The traditional function is first captured in the model and the predicted water sump temperature is compared to available experimental data from the manufacturer. ...
Dishwasher and washing machine heated by a hot water circulation loop
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2007
Electric energy (70-90%) used by electrically heated dishwashers and washing machines is used for heating the water, the crockery, the laundry and the machine and could as well be replaced by heat from other sources than electricity. This article evaluates prototypes of a dishwasher and a washing machine, where the machines are heated by a hot water circulation loop and the heat is transferred to the machines via a heat exchanger. The machine therefore uses water from the cold water pipe. Measurements and simulations have been performed showing that all energy for heating can be replaced if the supply water temperature is 65-70°C. An alternative and common way to save electricity is to connect the machines to the domestic hot water pipe, but the electrical savings with this measure are much smaller, especially for the dishwasher. Computer modelling has been performed and the model has proved to have a high agreement with measured data. However comparison with manufacturers' data indicates that the computer models overestimate the energy demand by about 10%.
Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2019
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Increasing solar gains by using hot water to heat dishwashers and washing machines
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2007
Seventy to ninety percent of the electric energy used by dishwashers and washing machines heats the water, the crockery, the laundry and the machine and could just as well be replaced by heating energy from solar collectors, district heating or a boiler. A dishwasher and a washing machine equipped with a heat exchanger and heated by a hot water circulation circuit instead of electricity (heat-fed machines) have been simulated together with solar heating systems for single-family houses in two different climates (Stockholm, Sweden and Miami, USA). The simulations show that a major part of the increased heat load due to heat-fed machines can be covered by solar heat both in hot and cold climates if the collector area is compensated for the larger heat load to give the same marginal contribution. Using ordinary machines connected to the hot water pipe (hot water-fed machines) and using only cold water for the rinses in the washing machine gives almost the same solar contribution; however considerably lower electrical energy savings are achieved. The simulations also indicate that improvements in the system design of a combisystem (increased stratification in the store) are more advantageous if heat-fed machines are connected to the store. Thus, using heat-fed machines also encourages the use of more advanced solar combisystems.
2016
Electric clothes dryers in the US consume about 6% of residential electricity consumption. Available electric clothes dryers today are either based on electric resistance (low-cost but energy-inefficient) or vapor compression (energyefficient but high-cost). Thermoelectric dryers have the potential to alleviate the disadvantages of both through a lowcost, energy-efficient solution. This paper presents experimental results and steady state simulation of a prototype thermoelectric dryer. A thermoelectric model is coupled with a psychrometric dryer system model to design the experimental prototype. The results from the prototype are used to calibrate the model and identify important parameters that affect performance, such as relative humidity of air leaving the drum.
Experimental evaluation and thermodynamic system modeling of thermoelectric heat pump clothes dryer
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Electric clothes dryers in the US consume about 6% of residential electricity consumption. Available electric clothes dryers today are either based on electric resistance (low-cost but energy-inefficient) or vapor compression (energyefficient but high-cost). Thermoelectric dryers have the potential to alleviate the disadvantages of both through a lowcost, energy-efficient solution. This paper presents experimental results and steady state simulation of a prototype thermoelectric dryer. A thermoelectric model is coupled with a psychrometric dryer system model to design the experimental prototype. The results from the prototype are used to calibrate the model and identify important parameters that affect performance, such as relative humidity of air leaving the drum.
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Clothes dryers based on thermoelectric (TE) heat pumps have the potential to save significant energy compared with the conventional electric resistance technology that is widespread today, without using any refrigerant fluid. In this work, guided by a validated system model, design and control improvements were implemented on an experimental prototype to optimize the dryer performance (duration to dry a load, and energy consumed per unit cloth mass). Starting from a fixed TE area, the physical design variables of interest were (1) the use of vented or ventless configuration, (2) the heat sink geometry, (3) the selection of blower and (4) the selection of motor used to drive drum rotation. The control variables of interest were (5) the average electrical current supplied to each bank of TEs and (6) the current profile for each bank during the drying time. By optimizing each of these choices in the model and applying the resulting design choices on the prototype, the experimentally me...
Energies, 2018
This study aims to estimate the performance of thermoelectric module (TEM) heat pump for simultaneous liquid cooling and heating and propose empirical models for predicting the heat exchange effectiveness. The experiments were conducted to investigate and collect the performance data of TEM heat pump where the working fluid was water. A total of 57 sets of experimental data were statistically analyzed to estimate the effects of each independent variable on the heat exchange effectiveness using analysis of variance (ANOVA). To develop the empirical model, the six design parameters were measured: the number of transfer units (NTU) of the heat exchangers (i.e., water blocks), the inlet water temperatures and temperatures of water blocks at the cold and hot sides of the TEM. As a result, two polynomial equations predicting heat exchange effectiveness at the cold and hot sides of the TEM heat pump were derived as a function of the six selected design parameters. Also, the proposed models and theoretical model of conventional condenser and evaporator for heat exchange effectiveness were compared with the additional measurement data to validate the reliability of the proposed models. Consequently, two conclusions have been made: (1) the possibility of using the TEM heat pump for simultaneous cooling and heating was examined with the maximum temperature difference of 30 • C between cold and hot side of TEM, and (2) it is revealed that TEM heat pump has difference with the conventional evaporator and condenser from the comparison results between the proposed models and theoretical model due to the heat conduction and Joule effect in TEM.
PERFORMANCE OF A PORTABLE THERMOELECTRIC WATER COOLING SYSTEM
A water cooling system based on Peltier Effect has many benefits as being small in size, portable, noiseless, environmental friendly and economical compared to conventional cooling systems. This research focuses on the thermal performance experimental study of a portable thermoelectric water cooling system. During this study, the applied voltage on TE was changed to determine its effect on thermal performance. When the applied voltage increases, the hot side temperature incresing, while on the contrary of that appear on the cold side. This increasing the heat absorbed by the cold side as well as the heat rejected from the hot side, while the coefficient of performance decreasing with increasing applied voltage. The thermal resistance of heat sink is inversely proportional to the applied voltage. The increasing of heat sink fan speed has improved the system performance, where it leds to an increasing in heat absorbed by the cold side and the heat rejected from the hot side. Initial water temperature has a significant effect on the performance of TE water cooling system. The coefficient of performance equal to 0.14 when using initial water temperature of 15℃, while, it increase to be 0.5 when the initial water temperature increases to 30 ℃. That is happened due to the decrease in temperature gradient between cold side and hot side.