Historical Earthquake Scenarios for the Middle Strand of the North Anatolian Fault Deduced from Archeo-Damage Inventory and Building Deformation Modeling (original) (raw)
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Middle East Technical University, REST 521 Term Project, 2014
Historical sources of seismic (or earthquake) activity are important for understanding the past of historic buildings. One of the most important reason is defining the structural condition and performance history of old buildings and monuments: The seismic history and records in a given area help to understand the behaviour of historic structural systems for the existing condition assessments and restitution applications and estimations of their future seismic performances. These important information help to choose appropriate repair and strengthening techniques for historic structures in the restoration and conservation process. Information also help us to define current structural damages, past repair activities (their type, their methods, details of construction activities and dating of them etc.), periodic damage formations (abnormality) of historic buildings and dating of additional structural parts.
Denizli basin is situated at the junction of NW-SE trending Gediz Graben and E-W trending Büyük Menderes Graben in the eastern part of the western Anadolu (Anatolian) extensional province in western Turkey, which has been home to many civilizations during its long history and therefore has ruins of many antique cities and settlements. Most of antique cities were destroyed by strong earthquakes that occurred in ancient times. Strong historical earthquakes in Denizli basin caused heavy damage to antique cities in the region, namely, Hierapolis in Pamukkale, Laodikeia in Denizli city center, colassae in Honaz, Attuda in Babadag and Tripolis in Buldan. A strong earthquake occurred in the early seventh century AD in Lykos (Ç ürüksu) Valley of the Denizli area, heavily damaging the antique cities in the region and causing people to abandon their cities. Recent archaeological excavations in Hierapolis and Laodikeia clearly revealed many relics associated with the early seventh century AD earthquake. For example, the collapse directions of columns and walls are mainly towards the NE or SW. The surface ruptures in the Hierapolis antique city area in the Pamukkale area prove that Pamukkale Fault is the main active fault producing strong earthquakes in the region, and severe damage is induced by earthquakes having a magnitude 6.5 or more. However, the largest earthquake could be up to 7.1 in the Denizli Basin.
Earthquake faulting at ancient Cnidus, SW Turkey
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 2003
Abstract: The ruins of Cnidus, an important ancient city in southwestern Asia Minor, lie directly on an earthquake fault–the Cnidus Fault. Offset and deformed archaeological remains along the trace of the fault testify to its recent activation. The ancient city's famous Round Temple of Aphrodite is vertically offset by 0.35 m across the fault. The fault also forms the back wall to the Sanctuary of Demeter where Roman-age walls are displaced and deformed by slip on the fault. Archaeological evidence suggests multiple episodes of ...
Geodinamica Acta, 2001
The NE-SW-trending Burdur-Fethiye fault zone is one of the major active fault zones of southwestern Turkey and the ancient city of Cibyra is located on this zone. Segments of the Burdur-Fethiye fault zone have ruptured in the historical period and during the 20th century. A detailed investigation in the ancient city of Cibyra showed the presence of faults sinistrally offset sitting rows of the stadium up to 50 cm. In addition, there are broken corners of blocks, collapsed walls, broken columns, and tilted and toppled blocks in existing major buildings in the city centre. Field observations showed that fractures and associated damage at Cibyra were produced by a post-Roman earthquake, possibly during the 417-A.D.-earthquake which had an intensity of 9 on the MSK scale. © 2001 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS fault zone / fault segment / post-Roman earthquake / Cibyra
Assessments of Masonry Buildings and Historical Structures during the 2020 Sivrice-Elazığ Earthquake
Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering
Turkey is located on a seismically active region. The active fault zones, primarily the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Fault, constitute a center to the movements. On 24 January 2020 at local time 20:55, an earthquake of Mw = 6.8 struck Sivrice, Elazığ located in eastern part of Turkey. After this main shock, 1185 aftershocks were recorded until February 8, 2020. The main event resulted in 41 human casualties and 1632 injured. Also, 45 people were salvaged from the debris. The earthquake mostly affected to Elazığ and Malatya provinces. 633 buildings were demolished, 10492 buildings were severely damaged, 2161 buildings were moderately damaged, and 16046 buildings were slightly damaged in the affected region. This paper focus on evaluating the damages and failures of masonry, adobe, and historical structures in the affected areas around Elazığ and Malatya provinces.
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGES IN HISTORICAL STRUCTURES
A large part of Turkey is located on seismic belts and earthquakes that cause damages occur in these area many times. These earthquakes cause damages, partial or full collapse of historical structures. In the scope of the study, the historical structures that were damaged during the Simav Earthquake which occurred on 19.05.2011 with a magnitude of 5.7, and during the Van Earthquake which occurred on 23.10.2011 with a magnitude of 7.2, are being examined. In addition to the earthquakes, information about damages that occur on the structures based on the structural conditions and damages that occur on the structural bearings as a result of fire are provided. These kinds of damages reduce the horizontal load bearing capacity of the structure in case of an earthquake and cause damages that are above the estimation in the structure.
Evidence for Damaging Historical Earthquakes at Priene, Western Turkey
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 1998
The ancient cilty of Priene was one of the earliest Ionian settlements within the western part of the Buyuk Menderes valley (the ancient Maeander River) and was first founded about 8 km in the east of the present site. The old Priene was probably destroyed by a destructive earthquake in the 350s BC and the city was shifted to the existing place in 350 BC. The new city contains an abundance of evidence related to earthquakes. The following evidence indicates that damaging earthquakes, occurred in the Buyuk Menderes graben, caused great damage to the new Priene. (1) Part of the Sacred Stoa is offset by about 5 cm dextrally and about 50 cm vertically; (2) in the western end of the Sacred Stoa, stair blocks are displaced and tilted; (3) block stones of a N-S- trending street wall are displaced and tilted about 16° to north; (4) floor blocks of the agora are displaced and broken; (5) block stones of a semicircular building and two adjacent columns, near the nothwestern corner of the agor...
Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 2020
.The East Anatolian Fault (EAF) is an active left-lateral strike-slip fault extending between Karlıova (Bingöl) in the northeast and Iskenderun Bay in the southwest. The Palu, which is the subject of the study area, is located on the Palu segment of the EAF. The Palu segment starts from the northeast of Palu, and is approximately 77 km long, and reaches the Lake Hazar after passing the Baltaşı Plain. Maximum shaking intensity in the earthquake listed in historical catalogs is estimated to have been Mercalli Intensity VIII, with conflicting accounts of as few as 8.000-10.000 to as many as 50.000 people killed. An examination of contemporary documents, books and administrative archives in the State Archives Head of Presidency Republic of Turkey for the district reveal that the extent of damage and the number of fatalities in the earthquake have been considerably inflated by these historical catalogs.