A Household-Based Survey of Iodine Nutrition in Moroccan Children Shows Iodine Sufficiency at the National Level But Risk of Deficient Intakes in Mountainous Areas (original) (raw)
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Dietary habits and iodine status among schoolchildren in Morocco
Because iodine deficiency affects 2 billion persons worldwide, its elimination is considered as a global health priority. Inadequate daily intake of iodine can lead to iodine deficiency which can alter physical and mental functions and accelerate cognitive impairment of schoolchildren. Our study aims to determine the iodine status of Moroccan schoolchildren as well as their dietary habits and frequency of consumption of foods that are considered as good sources of dietary iodine, including iodized salt. In an observational study 182 children (aged 7-9 years) were selected from 3 primary schools situated in rural mountainous areas of Morocco. Answers to an adapted food frequency questionnaire and data regarding socio economic status were obtained at the beginning of the survey. Random urine samples were collected in the morning to assess urinary iodine using the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Our results showed that iodine deficiency was prevalent in schoolchildren, 82.7% of subjects had an urinary iodine concentration (UIC) <100µg/l and the median of the urinary iodine concentration was found to be 59.6µg/l. Overall, the study population has limited resources and more than 60% spend less than 110 US $ for food monthly. Analysis of dietary habits of children relative to consumption of foods rich in iodine showed that 95% of families did not use fortified salt, 30% of schoolchildren did not consume dairy products, 100% did not eat shellfish and 10% did not eat fish. However 59.16% were consuming fish at least once a week. The schoolchildren living in high altitude rural areas of Morocco have an unbalanced nutritional profile resulting from a monotonous diet of poor quality which can cause various health hazards.
1996
The population of the Ounein Valley in the High Atlas Mountains in Morocco is at high risk of iodine deficiency. We investigated local children's iodine deficiency and goiter patterns as well as food consumption habits through a household survey. Median urinary iodine content and goiter analysis both reflect moderate iodine deficiency. Total fish consumption has a statistically significant, positive effect on urinary iodine content. Fish consumption, like that of salt, is closely related to market access. Respondents are uniformly unaware of the dietary etiology of goiter. An effective strategy to reduce the high incidence of iodine deficiency disorder among children in the valley must attend to four crucial issues: fish consumption, salt iodization, nutrition education, and market access.
Assessment of iodine concentration in dietary salt at household level in Morocco
BMC Public Health, 2016
Following WHO recommendations, Morocco adopted in 1995 the universal salt iodization (USI) as a strategy to prevent and control iodine deficiency disorders. In 2009, the standard salt iodine concentration was adjusted to 15-40 mg/kg. The success of USI for the control of iodine deficiency disorders requires an evaluation of iodine concentration in salt prior to assessing the iodine nutritional status of a population. In our study we refer to the anterior studies that were made in Morocco in 1993 and 1998. 178 salt samples from households were tested for iodine using spot-testing kits. The iodometric titration method was used to analyze accurately the concentration of iodine in the 178 household salt samples. An empiric polling method was adopted, using a non-probability sampling method; across the different twelve regions in the country. The median and interquartile range iodine concentration in salt was 2.9 mg/kg (IQR: 2.4-3.7). The results show that only 25 % of households use iodized salt. The recommended iodine concentration in salt of 15-40 mg/kg was met only in 4.5 % of salt samples. The bulk salt is used by 8 % of households. All samples of this bulk salt were found in rural areas. According to nonparametric appropriate tests used, there is no significant difference in iodine concentrations between regions, between urban and rural areas and between packaged and bulk salt. Two decades since introducing legislation on Universal Salt Iodization, our survey shows that generalization of iodized salt is far from being reached. In 2015, only a quarter of Moroccan households use the iodized salt and only 4.5 % of salt is in conformity with regulations. The use of bulk salt by households in rural areas constitutes a major obstacle to the success of USI. The National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program can only be achieved if an internal follow-up and a control of external quality of program is put in place.
Background: The iodine deficiency elimination program thatbegan two decades ago resulted in Iran becoming an iodinedeficiency disorders free country in the Middle East region.The present study was performed to evaluate the adequacy ofiodine supplementation after 17 years of universal salt iodizationin Fars province.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 1200 schoolchildren (480girls and 720 boys) aged 8 to10 years, were randomly selectedfrom Fars province and evaluated in 2007. Goiter prevalence,urinary iodine excretion, and iodine content of household saltswere measured and the data were compared with those obtainedin 1996 and 2001.Results: Total prevalence of goiter was 1.3% (CI: 0.53-2.47)and no grade 2 goiter was found. One-tenth of the childrenenrolled for goiter assessment, were randomly selected forurinary iodine measurement. The median urinary iodine inthese 120 schoolchildren was 159.4 μg/L (85.6-252.3), with14.8% having urinary iodine excretion less than 50 μg/L. 98%of house...
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
This study aimed at establishing updated data on iodine nutrition among schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional cluster survey among schoolchildren aged 8-10 years was conducted during February-April 2012. Children were clinically examined for goitre, urine and household salt samples were collected to estimate urinary iodine concenteration (UIC) and iodine content in salt. The overall goitre prevalence at the national level among 4 016 children was 4.2%. The prevalence was < 5% in all regions of the country except southern region with a prevalence of 12.7%. The median UIC of 2224 samples was 133 µg/L, with 74.3% of the surveyed children with UIC ≥ 100 µg/L. Analysis of salt samples (n = 4242) revealed that 69.8% of households were consuming adequately iodized salt. The findings suggest iodine sufficiency at the national level, however southern region still has a goitre prevalence of mild degree severity and the proportion of households consuming adequately iodized salt is still below recommendations.
Public Health Nutrition, 2017
Objective: Low iodine intakes are associated with goitre and other iodinedeficiency disorders (IDD) that have affected billions of people worldwide. We aimed to assess total goitre rate (TGR) and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in schoolchildren between 2007 and 2015, percentage of iodized salt consumption by households, and salt iodine content at production, distribution and household levels in northwest Iran. Design/Setting/Subjects: UIC assessed among schoolchildren in nine consecutive years; 240 schoolchildren aged 8-10 years selected by systematic random sampling each year in the West Azerbaijan Province. Results: Median UIC was >100 μg/l in all years. More than 50 % of children had iodine deficiency (UIC ≤ 99 μg/l) in 2010 and 2011, while this rate was approximately 15-35 % in other years. Proportion with UIC below 50 μg/l was <20 % in all years except 2010 and 2011. Excessive UIC (≥300 μg/l) rate was between 5•4 and 27•5 %. TGR decreased from 44 % in 1996 to 7•6 % and 0•4 % in 2001 and 2007, respectively. Regular surveys from 2002 to 2015 showed that 98 % or more of households consumed iodized salt. Iodine level ≥20 ppm was observed in 87•5, 83 and 73 % of salt at production, distribution and household level, respectively (data from national study in 2007). The last national study in 2014 showed that median iodine level in household salt was 27 ppm. Conclusions: Our focused data suggest that the universal salt iodization programme is improving the iodine status of schoolchildren in the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Reduction of TGR to less than 5 % in schoolchildren indicates successful elimination of IDD as a major public health problem.
Determinants of iodine deficiency among school age children in Guraghe Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS), 2020
Globally, insufficient iodine intake is found to be the most common preventable cause of mental retardation that results in diminished immunity, decreased school performance and infant and young child death. Ethiopia is the first of the top iodine deficient countries in the world. About 12 million children (school age) get inadequate iodine. Community based cross sectional study was conducted on 792 school age children in Guraghe Zone, Ethiopia to assess the determinants of iodine deficiency. Multistage sampling technique was used to select the study subjects. Data were collected by using pretested questionnaire. Clinical examinations were taken following standard procedures. The collected data were entered into Epi-data and exported to SPSS for analysis. Descriptive statistics was calculated and presented accordingly. Bivariate and multivariable Logistic regression with odds ratios along with the 95% confidence interval was computed and interpreted accordingly. A P-value <0.05 was declared as statistically significant association. Total goiter rate was 8.7%. Factors that had significant association with goiter were: School age children who utilized non iodized salt (AOR=3.12, 95% CI=1.73-5.63), those who consumed cabbage >2 times per week (AOR=1.94, 95% CI=1.10-3.52), and children who got elder (AOR=1.22, 95% CI=1.10-1.41). The study area had mild iodine deficiency disorder. Non iodized salt utilization; frequent cabbage consumption and increased age of children were found to be predictors of goiter. Thus, Interventions should focus on universal salt iodization, besides familiarizing goiterogens to the community at large. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Iodine Nutritional Status of Children of age between 6-12 years in Kutch district, Gujarat, India
Aim: Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is of vital public health issue in India. The deficiency of iodine has its effects on the developing brain, a preventable cause of brain damage and development in growing children. The objective of this study is to evaluate iodine deficiency disorder and deficiency status in a selected population by estimating urinary iodine excretion level, and nutritional intake of iodine and assess the magnitude of nutritional deficiency disease among school children by clinical observation. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of school children of age group 6-12 years. 30 clusters were selected by cluster sampling technique and 70 samples from one cluster havebeen taken and thus total sample size of 2100 has been concluded. The urinary iodine level is estimated by using the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction and the iodine content in edible salt samples was estimated bythe MBI kit. Results: The median urinary iodine level was found adequate at 151.45 μg/L. 97.07% samples were found with urinary iodine excretion level of 100 μg/L or more while the prevalence has been found at 2.90% which has been in the epidemiological criteria based on the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD guidelines. 91.67 % of salt samples had iodine levels more than 15 ppm and the iodine content in salt samples less than 15 ppm was only about 8.28 % indicating the salt samples at household contain adequate levels of iodine. The goiter prevalence rate was found 0.66% which was done by assessing general clinical observation by palpation method. Conclusion: The present study showed no biochemical iodine deficiency in the studied region as per WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD guidelines. Despite adequate consumption of iodine at the household level, the existing micro goiter prevalence among school children may possible by some other environmental factors in the population. Hence, it is suggested to have a periodic assessment to assess the change in the proportion of the iodine deficiency disorder.
Ethiopian Journal of Health Development
Background: More than two billion individuals worldwide have inadequate iodine intake and the adverse consequences of iodine deficiency are widely observed. Objective: To assess the iodine status of primary school children and the knowledge of iodine deficiency disorders among their caretakers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia. The study participants were school children (n=116) aged 7-9 years. A two-stage sampling method was used to select participants. Goiter and urinary iodine concentration were measured in the children to evaluate their iodine status. Socioeconomic characteristics, dietary patterns and caretaker knowledge of iodine deficiency were assessed by using questionnaires. Household salt iodine concentration was also measured. Results: Total goiter rate was 13.6% and was significantly associated with age [AOR=13.4 (3.2-55.7)]. Eighty two percent of the children had urinary iodine concentration below 50 μg/L, indicating the...