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Influence of Parking on Location and Mode Choice: A Stated-Choice Survey
2012
This paper assesses the effects of parking availability on behavioral responses by travelers, and which approaches are appropriate for modeling those responses. In addition to the well-known trade-offs between travel times and fuel or transit ticket costs, parking search times and costs have a significant impact on travelers' decisions. A stated choice study of parking, location, and mode choice was conducted to assess those choices.
A review of the impact of parking policy measures on travel demand
Transportation Planning and Technology, 1989
This paper reviews the empirical evidence relating to the impact of parking policy measures on the demand for parking and for travel. Disaggregate modal choice models, disaggregate parking location models and site-speci c studies of parking behaviour are examined. With regard to modal choice models, it is concluded that few studies deal adequately with parking factors, but that there is some support for the view that parking policy measures are a relatively important in uence on modal choice. When parking location models are examined parking policy variables are shown to have a substantial impact on choice of parking location. With regard to site-speci c studies, the paper concludes that there is a great variation in the parking price elasticities quoted, which re ects partly the methodological problems associated with such studies. Suggestions to improve model speci cation are made.
Framework and Model for Parking Decisions
The development of such models commonly includes administration of surveys to collect data on individual travel preferences. The data collected are then used to identify the influential variables that will be incorporated into the model. Different parking choice models have been proposed in the literature. They can be classified with respect to the modeling approach, decision type, number of decisions modeled, and the data collection method [i.e., stated preference (SP) versus revealed preference (RP)]. Most parking models address mode-of-travel choices and parking characteristics (6-8) rather than the choice between parking alternatives. In addition, most research has considered parking choice as a stand-alone decision rather than as a component in a broader behavioral framework. The following paragraphs summarize selected parking type choice models that have been studied.
Choice of parking: Stated preference approach
Transportation, 1991
Over recent years, parking policy has become a key element of transport policy in many countries. Parking policy measures can affect many different dimensions of travel behaviour but are likely to be most significant in terms of travellers' choice of parking type and location. This dimension of travel choice has, to date, received comparatively little attention, yet is of vital importance if we are to properly understand and predict the effects of parking policy measures.
Transport Strategy Refresh - Background Paper - Parking
2018
Car parking is essential to car-based travel, with cars stationary 95 per cent of the time. Occupying at least 12 square metres but as much as 35 square metres per space, parking can account for significant portions of urban land. Car parking policy is relevant to many issues in Australian transport and urban planning– concerns about urban intensification; housing affordability; the liveability of dense urban areas; traffic and congestion; and the sustainability of cities. Parking policy influences transport, housing, and urban design but is sometimes overlooked in debates about cities and their future: it is “expected but unnoticed” (Ben-Joseph 2012). Car parking is an important part of Melbourne’s transport and planning challenge. Conventional car parking policies have long shaped the city’s urban form and transport patterns. A legacy of 20th century approaches to parking policy mean the real cost of parking is rarely paid for upfront, nor is the actual use of or demand for car parking space often monitored. As a result, a growing body of research indicates that car parking is oversupplied and is neither priced nor used efficiently. Demographic changes, car sharing, ride sharing and automated vehicle technologies mean uncertainty over future demand for parking and how best to manage it. Newer approaches to parking policy and to the use or re-use of parking space including for public open space in cities worldwide are the subject of enthusiasm, but also of concerns that change may disadvantage or disrupt communities. An evidence base can help inform public discussion about the trade-offs. This discussion paper acknowledges however that car parking is characterised both by strong beliefs, and by gaps in this evidence base. The City of Melbourne is in a unique position to reflect on parking policies, and consider the advantages and disadvantages of further change. The City has introduced progressive changes to both on-street and off-street parking policies since as early as the 1970s. Unlike most of metropolitan Melbourne, and most Australian cities, parts of the City of Melbourne have maximum rather than minimum requirements for off-street parking. Much of its on-street parking is managed by pricing and timing mechanisms – underscoring more efficient management and use of parking space. The City has a comparatively large population of households without cars; and of trips by non-car modes. City of Melbourne transport policies have long encouraged sustainable and efficient transport modes. While much of the City’s accessible urban form and infrastructure dates to a period of development before cars and car parking, other characteristics of the municipality have been shaped by its car parking policies. The City of Melbourne also has the advantage of extensive parking data, which (although not comprehensive) are in advance of most other areas and give a better evidence base for parking policy decisions than is typically the case worldwide. At the same time, the City of Melbourne has a comparatively high dependence on parking revenue as a revenue source, both from fees and from infringements. Like many cities, the City of Melbourne seeks to balance potentially competing goals with its parking policies: generating revenue, managing car traffic, placing a value on the use of public space, and keeping the city accessible and attractive to visitors. Its policies vary across different parts of the municipality, and are not underpinned by a comprehensive parking plan. This discussion paper summarises parking concepts, academic research on parking, experiences and ideas from other cities, and data on parking in the City of Melbourne. It contains the following: This discussion paper summarises parking concepts, academic research on parking, experiences and ideas from other cities, and data on parking in the City of Melbourne. It contains the following: • A glossary / explainers of some common parking concepts and terms; • A review of the evidence base around parking in academic literature and in the City of Melbourne specifically: its extent and use; and its role in traffic, housing, and retailing. • A summary of car parking policies and their influence: how parking is typically managed, examples of parking policy and practices worldwide, and how City of Melbourne policies fit in these contexts; • Summary of parking policy recommendations, ideas and challenges for the City of Melbourne.
Regardless of how fuel efficient the cars are or how little pollution they emit, cars need to be parked somewhere and generally a car spends about 95 percent of its life parked and uses several parking spaces each week. Much of the world's urban fabric is subject to a " conventional generic minimum " parking policy in which parking is treated as a type of infrastructure and the primary goal of a parking policy is to meet the demand for parking. But contemporary approach to parking problems is to reduce parking demand to better match parking supply and other spatial characteristics of the city. A well-defined parking regulation and parking price would provide balance between the parking demand, which varies by time of day, and a constant parking supply. A growing list of policy changes and innovations in parking has been implemented in many cities around the world. A growing number of European and North American cities are using parking policy to meet goals such as improving air quality, reducing traffic congestion, making streets more liveable, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and freeing up road space for bike lanes and public space. But little information has been collected and analysed on parking policies and practices in India, a country of rapid urbanisation and motorisation. In most Indian cities, parking policy is either non-existent, poorly coordinated, or used to make personalised modes more convenient. At a time when Indian cities are on track of improving the public transport, it is very much necessary to implement tighter parking policy measures that induce more ridership by Mass Transit Systems. " Yesterday's solution becomes today's problem " ,
WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 2006
The paper intends to analyze transport modes in urban environment, confronting the experience in different settings, urban and suburban, in cities of different sizes. The process introduced aims to improve the quality of life and access for more sustainable patterns of development, while at the same time not harming the urban mobility, proposing a model that can be applied to the different urban areas.
An Analysis of Discrete Stated Responses to Parking Pricing Based Transportation Control Measures
The realization that one can no longer build out of congestion while preserving the urban environ- ment has led to an increasing interest in the potential application of transportation control mea- sures (TCM) for curbing travel demand. One such TCM that is being considered by transportation planning agencies around the country is parking pricing where parking prices and/or taxes are imposed in an attempt to encourage travelers (and more specifically, commuters) to consider alter- native modes of transportation. However, very little data and information is available on the poten- tial impacts of parking pricing based transportation control measures and the secondary and tertiary impacts in people's travel pattern that they may bring about. As such, there is a need in the transportation planning community for data on how parking pricing based TCM's may impact travel behavior and commuting patterns. This presentation is aimed at filling this critical planning need by providing...