Some Notes about Architecture, Urbanism and Economy (original) (raw)
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Urbanism and economy in the Balkans have a long and strong relationship. The customary law, which has shaped settlements in the Balkans for centuries, had one of its main backbones in the economy. All customary measures were aimed at preserving the economic value of buildings and settlements, in addition to preserving the human values of space. During the last 30 years there have been a number of changes that have brought to the fore all positive principles on settlement regulation. The phenomena caused by the disruptive transformation of the society changed the character of the settlement, jeopardized the public spaces, brought into question the street value and disrupted the rights and obligations of the landowners. Individual activities intensively endanger the values of community property and neighbors. This paper analyzes contemporary processes in urban planning regulations, the design of settlements, the way of using public space and street, as well as the behavior of plot users. The aim of the paper is to identify the interaction of urban planning and economics.
After a morphological study, conducted on various cities of the size 80.000 to 2.000.000 inhabitants in the area of the former Yugoslavia, the ex Yugoslav cities appear to reveal four distinctive and readable urban development faces: they show four different structural entities in four periods: they were named the „core period“, the „gründerzeit“ period, the „socialist“ period and the „turbourban“ city development period. All of them can be seen as results of the city management streams and the power relationships throughout history and in the carefully constructed appearance of the »socialist urban planning« which established the „respect to the historical urban tradition“ on one side and the „brave new development“ on the other. The city structure comparison of the finally targeted five ex Yugoslav cities - Belgrade, Sarajevo, Split, Priština and Maribor - shows similarities that reveal the phenomena that is unique for all ex Yugoslav cities, be it in the socialist period or in the planning period of the last 20 years of urban management and planning. My paper for the occasion includes my latest research results of the city structure studies I am conducting during my dissertation preparation.
14th Belgrade International Architecture Week - Catalog , 2019
Prvih decenija po završetku Drugog svetskog rata, zemlje širom sveta beleže ogroman zamah izgradnje u svim mogućim razmerama i najrazličitijim tipologijama. Jugoslavija nije izuzetak – štaviše, zemlja beleži istorijske rekorde u rastu privrede i posledično, ulaganjima u infrastrukturu svake vrste. Istorijske okolnosti na međunarodnom planu dovode do specifičnog jugoslovenskog ekcepcionalizma, koji omogućuje samoupravljanje na unutrašnjem, a nesvrstanost na spoljnom političkom planu – što je stvorilo posebnu klimu za razvoj eksperimenta u arhitekturi koji pleni tihu pažnju međunarodne stručne javnosti od samog nastanka. Danas je ova arhitektura u novom talasu interesovanja i zadobija novu, globalnu popularnost i publiku koja prati stare „veličanstvene ruine“, da li će se i kako rekonstruisati i kako će se u njima živeti i raditi u budućnosti. Međutim, ono što je daleko zanimljivije jeste društvo koje je iznedrilo takvu arhitekturu, i omogućilo pojavu i delovanje niza autora i autorskih timova izvanrednog talenta, a koji su to društvo uprostorili. Mnogi od njih često imaju i vrlo ambivalentan odnos prema zadacima koji su pred njih postavljeni, te načinu na koji se njihovi projekti realizuju, ali ipak uspevaju da iznesu svoje ideje onako kako su ih zamislili. Isto tako, ova generacija arhitekata kroz svoja dela beleži i svakodnevicu društva za koje stvara, i njegov uspon i pad odslikava arhitektonskom produkcijom: prvi nespretni -ali odlučni koraci u industrijalizaciji; eksperimenti sa novim formama, materijalima i razmerama; vrhunac produkcije kada su svi – naručioci, investitori, projektanti, izvođači i proizvođači – radili kao jedan, dobro podešen mehanizam; do postepenog opadanja, smanjenja, egzila, te najzad degradacije – kako same produkcije tako i (iz)građenog prostora. In the first decades after the end of the Second World War, countries all over the world saw hugely intensified construction in all the possible proportions and in a myriad of typologies. Yugoslavia was by no means an exception - in those times, it boasted historic records in economic growth and, consequently, in the investments in all the types of infrastructure. At the international level, historical circumstances led to a specific Yugoslav exceptionalism, which enabled self-government in internal policy and a non-aligned position in foreign policy. As a result, it created a specific climate for the development of experimental architecture, which quietly drew the attention of international experts from the very moment it was created. Today, this type of architecture has been the object of a new surge of interest and has gained a new and global popularity, with the public watching the “magnificent ruins” getting old and deliberating if and how such ruins are going to be reconstructed and how one is going to live and work there in future. However, what is far more interesting is a society that bred such architecture, thereby enabling the appearance and activity of many extraordinarily talented individual authors and teams of authors, who created space of such society. Many of them often had a very ambivalent attitude towards the tasks set before them and towards the method of the realization of such projects, but, nevertheless, they succeed in conveying their ideas the way they envisaged them. In the same way, it is through their works that this generation of architects records everyday life of the society for which they design, reflecting its rise and fall through architectural production: the initial clumsy - but decisive - steps in industrialization; experiments with new forms, materials and proportions; the peak of production, when everybody - clients, investors, designers, contractors and manufacturers - acted as a single and well adjusted mechanism, then a gradual decline, decrease, exile and, finally, degradation - both of production itself and of built space/space being built.
Bye bye 20th century, a paper for the Architecture and Ideology conference Belgrade, september 2012
| From a two decades time distance the face of almost every former Yugoslav city appears to reveal three distinctive urban entities: they show three different faces: the »brave new city« of the socialist era; the »charming, always regenerating old, classical city« and the brutal, illegal, »under the carpet« city. All of them are results of the city management streams and the power relationships in the carefully constructed appearance of the »socialist urban planning«. The city structure comparison of five ex Yugoslav cities -Belgrade, Sarajevo, Split, Priština and Maribor -shows similarities that are almost intentional. The urban planning attitude throughout the history reveals three powerful ways of thinking and acting that generated three city planning principles and resulted in built zones and structures: the developments of the functional city parts, the preservation of historical structures and the permissive, half illegal city extensions. After comparing these five cities today it only seems that the permissive, half illegal current is prevailing in the last twenty years of city development. Since the main urban development themes are not actual anymore, the former positions of the urban planners and architects are outdated; with the dissolution of the brave 20th century ideas the first decade of our century shows that the urban perception is altered -the positions of urban planning on the other side are mainly defended as unchangeable. To develop the ex Yugoslav cities with similar urban history there are two statements an urban planner of the 21st century has to take into consideration. The first is that the 20th century is over and its city development principles are outdated. The second painful statement is that the position of the urban planner and designer has been irreversibly changed.
Throughout the history, the urban development of towns in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been strongly influenced by different social systems that were transponed into the urban space giving it general characteristics common for the most cities. The character of the urban form of cities also pointed to the influence of various individual factors which can be generally classified into three groups: the natural characteristics of the urban space, created physical structure and the socioeconomic factors. They are permanently shaping the urban space acting interactively with different intensity and impact giving each city the specifics that underlie its urban identity. The most intensive development occurred during the last two periods, the period of socialism (1945-1992) and the period of social transition into the liberal democratic system, where the factors in the socioeconomic sphere have achieved an especially large impact on the urban form. This paper presents the general characteristics of urban development and influential factors on the urban form of Banjaluka and Trebinje from 1945 until today.
Morfologija Objekata U Ulozi Formiranja Urbanog Konteksta
Zbornik radova Građevinskog fakulteta, 2015
Different designing approaches allow visual, morphological, conceptual and coloristic harmonization when it comes to facing existing and newly planned structures in populated areas. The architectural environment is a unique entity in which the objects are interpolated on the principle of taking the characteristic elements from the environment or by using the new forms which achieves focus. Surrounding structures therefore receive different perceptual impressions. Morphological harmonization of newly designed buildings is often of great importance to the visual experience of space, and so a number of urban-architectural parameters such as construction and regulation lines, roof height ranges, the conceptual division of the dimensions of the building, number of floors, etc., are relevant to the question of breeding and raising quality of the urban context. In the case of buildings in Novi Sad, the issue of context in terms of visual perception will be presented and analyzed.
The book presents the relationship between Diocletian's palace and the modern city in an original way. The author looks at the public space of the Palace and the city that grew around it through history and by analyzing the Palace as an architectural-urban model, as well as its meaning and position in the contemporary context. The book defines some key problems of the functioning of the city's public space and offers a theoretical approach for the integration of the inherited urban matrix into modern life, referring to the discipline of urban design. Thus, a historical story, observed in the context of the city's overall functioning, becomes part of the reflection of contemporary urban life. Behind the book, along with the author, stands a team of exceptional experts: Karin Šerman and Joško Belamarić as editors, and reviewers Hildegard Auf-Franić, Gorana Banić, Anči Leburić, Marijan Hržić, Tomislav Premerl and Ivan Rogić, with a foreword by Donlyn Lyndon from the UC Berkeley. The book is divided into 11 chapters: Diocletian's Palace and Split: Defining the Problem, The Role of Research Methods in the Preservation of the City, Looking Back: the Morphogenesis of Split, Developing and Conserving, Contemporary Public Space and Life in the Historical Core, Space, Place, Non-Place, Identity and Place, City and Kairos, City is not a House, City is a House, Scale 1:1 or Planning the Day. Knjiga na originalan način prikazuje odnos Dioklecijanove palače i suvremenog grada. Javni prostor Palače i grada koji je oko nje izrastao autorica sagledava kroz povijest te analizom Palače kao arhitektonsko-urbanističkog modela, kao i njezina značenja i položaja u suvremenom kontekstu. U knjizi se definiraju neki ključni problemi funkcioniranja javnog prostora grada i nudi teorijski pristup za integraciju naslijeđene urbane matrice u suvremeni život, upućujući na disciplinu urbanističkog projektiranja, kojoj je zadatak regulirati odnose između planerskog, urbanističkog i arhitektonskog djelovanja. Tako jedna povijesna priča, promatrana u kontekstu cjelovitog funkcioniranja grada, postaje dio promišljanja suvremenog urbanog života. Iza knjige, uz autoricu, stoji tim iznimnih stručnjaka: Karin Šerman i Joško Belamarić kao urednici, te recenzenti Hildegard Auf- Franić, Gorana Banić, Anči Leburić, Marijan Hržić, Tomislav Premerl i Ivan Rogić, uz predgovor Donlyna Lyndona s američkog Sveučilišta Berkeley. Knjiga je koncipirana u 11 poglavlja: Dioklecijanova palača i Split: definiranje problema, Uloga istraživačkih metoda u očuvanju grada, Pogled unazad: morfogeneza Splita, Razvijati i konzervirati, Suvremeni javni prostor i život u povijesnoj jezgri, Prostor, mjesto, ne- mjesto, Identitet i mjesto, Grad i kairos, Grad nije kuća, Grad je kuća, Mjerilo 1:1 ili planiranje dana.