Women Higher Education and Participation Rate in Rural Areas in Iran (original) (raw)

Women and Rural Development in Iran: Analysis of the Effect of Socio- Economic Changes on Women’ Work in Agriculture

Ciência e Natura, 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460X19427There are a number of observable and marked changes in the economic, social, and also cultural status of women's life in rural areas. This study investigates factors which influence economic participation of women in north of Iran’s rural areas. The influence of government development policy, such as education and Income generating on rural women was sought and investigated in this study. This study particularly focuses on 3 important factors such as “ family income”, “ women’s education “ and “economic class of family” which represent economic, social and cultural status. The descriptive survey method has been applied in this research. The statistical population was 108682 households, from which 131 families were randomly selected. Data has gathered through questionnaires. The results suggest that However, rural development strategies would solve one problem for the women and create another. This paper argues that although rural developmen...

Sociological Explanation of Women’s Participation in Livelihoods of Rural Society (Case Study: North Khorasan province of Iran) - A. MohseniTabrizi & Gh. Ghafari & H. Nayebi & M. Efati

Agricultural Planning, Economics, and Rural Development Research Institute (APERDRI), 2020

This study aimed at explaining the extent of rural women’s participation in household livelihoods and identifying the effective socio-economic factors. It was conducted in a survey method and the statistical population included the rural women in the Garmah and Jajjarm districts of North Khorasan province of Iran. Using a sampling method, totally 167 individuals were selected and the data and information were collected through interviews and a questionnaire. The study results revealed that despite their significant role in the household livelihoods, the rural women had a limited access to household income and assets (almost 9.3 percent); in addition, the variables including age, educations, extent of individual’s gender bias (gender stereotypes), extent if willingness to progress, extent of mass media usage, economic status of household, the extent to which the villages have development facilities, and distance from villages to the city within the individual, social and family factors were the most important factors significantly affecting the participation of rural women in the rural household livelihoods.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE AND ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF RURAL WOMEN IN DIFFERENT SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY -A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN'S BADIN AND MATIARI DISTRICTS

Ghazala Umer baghal, 2017

This study examine the contribution of women in diverse sectors of the economy and estimates their workload in order to realize their value which they perform as unpaid workers in the rural area. A sample of 260 respondents were purposively selected from Badin and Matiari districts in Pakistan. Finding of the research reveals that females are main contributors in the household economy and participate fully to support the family income. The results showed that about 8.89% male contribute imperceptibly whose financial worth is equivalent to Pkr 10,000-Pkr 50,000 as compared to 71.9% female in the animal husbandry sector. In farming sector, just female contribute imperceptibly whose monetary worth is equivalent to Pkr10,000-Pkr 50,000 every year. In the household chores male participation is almost negligible cutting woods from the trees and arrange water for the family. About 80.5% male respondent involved in unpaid activities whose financial worth is under Pkr 10,000 out of a year when contrasted with 84.1% of females go through 5 to 7 hours to accomplish domestic management task monetary worth is equivalent to Pkr 50,000-Rs.100,000 per annum. Thus female perform more unpaid work as compared to male.

Urbanized Rural Women A Study in Rural Areas of Gilan Isfahan and Semnan Provinces

Middle East Critique, 2023

Considering the changing circumstances of Iranian rural women’s lives, do they still fulfill traditional roles? Have their lifestyles and expectations of themselves changed? To answer these questions, this long-term anthropological research was conducted in seven villages in three different and diverse provinces: Gilan, Isfahan, and Semnan. Our findings showed that some female roles in the villages have been eliminated or shifted to men due to developmental interventions. Women do not consider themselves in charge of the family’s economic activities. Instead, they tend to share the values of middle-class urban homemakers. They have pushed to abandon some of their traditional economic production roles, and consequently, they have lost access to financial resources and the public arena of the village. In a sense, they might have lost their bargaining power after some developmental interventions.

Investigating the effective factors on employment-oriented empowerment of rural female heads of households in ilam, Irán

Nexo Revista Científica

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the employment-oriented empowerment of rural female heads of households in Ilam. In terms of monitoring and degree of control, this is field research and in terms of method of obtaining facts and data processing, it is a survey study and in terms of data collection, it is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study is 14156 rural female heads of households in Ilam. The sample size was set for 374 people using Krejcie and Morgan Table. In this study, due to having a list of the names of all women studied, a systematic sampling method was used. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire whose face validity and content validity were provided through a panel of experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The results of regression analysis showed that the variables of psychological dimension, social dimension, cultural dim...

Factors Affecting the Income of Rural Women: An Evidence from District Faisalabad, Pakistan

Journal of Economic Impact, 2020

The fundamental point of the investigation was to assess the effect of various components on the pay of rural women in the region Faisalabad. For this, a stratified sampling procedure was utilized. At the first stage, the Faisalabad district was chosen purposively. In the second stage, five regions of each class were chosen through a simple random sampling technique. The total sample size was comprised of 150 respondents. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to gather the information from chosen respondents through the personal interview technique. Descriptive Statistics were used to explore the socio-economic characteristics of rural women. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to estimate the impact of different factors affecting the income of rural women. According to the estimated results, the age of the respondents has a positive and highly significant impact. This indicates that one year increase in the age of women would increase her income by 0.314 units. The estimated...

Women Participation in Socio-Economic Development in Agriculture Areas of Pakistan

ABSTRACT: Abstract In the modern age of industrialization, women are playing vital role in uplifting the living standards of their households. In developed countries women have major contribution in the promotion of industrialization while on the other hand, in developing countries women participation rate in agriculture sector have major contribution in raising the per capita income and foster economic growth.This study is based on primary data and has used the Chi-square method to check the relationship between certain independent and dependent variables. The results show that the ration of young illiterate married women participation in agricultural activities was greater than unmarried so that the economic condition of their family can be improved. Due to joint family system and limited livelihood opportunities only male members were unable to fulfill the financial needs of whole family. So women participation in agricultural activities were inevitable although women laborers got less income than male for doing the same farming activity. Women facing certain problems while performing agricultural activities such as bad attitude of owner, problem of getting wages in time, and problem of working in harsh conditions of weather. Finally the study suggests that by providing education female status can be improved and they will be able to finance their families by finding respectable and better earning opportunities. Keywords: Agriculture; Development; Education; Income; Women

Women's Economic Role: A Case Study of Women Income Generating Activities in Rural Areas of Pakistan

2014

2 Abstract: Pakistani women's are facing more nutritional problem as compare to men. For the betterment to their living standard and household life it need to improve women's income generating activities, so they can better support their house and support themselves and also become independent which will ultimately develop their confidence. Pakistan's current population is about 180 million. Such an alarming growth rate will be damaging for an emergent country like Pakistan to make progress. Women represent more than 50% of population. Women population should actively participate in boosting the country's economy. The ratio of women is increasing day by day, so there is a need to involve them in income generating activities. Key objective of the present study is to search the kind of women income generating activities which women take part in villages and check the level of involvement of women in those income-generating activities. Multistage sampling technique was ...

The Role of Women's Labor Force in Household Income in Villages

International Journal of Social Science Research and Review

Since women make up half of the population, they have a significant role in providing family resources, so that women's social responsibility in some matters is more important than men's, in the family environment as a mother, wife and raising children and outside the home play an effective role in manufacturing and service activities, the use of women's labor force in the production of goods is one of the fundamental components of developed countries. But women's activities in some backward societies are unfairly ignored and cannot even be counted in the calculation of national production, this study aims to investigate the contribution and role of women's economic activity in the economy of rural families with the case example of Khost and Farang districts of Baghlan province, it is important to investigate this issue because by recognizing and stabilizing the amount of women's activity, the transformation in the old patriarchal system is important. Making ...

Gender and Reduction of Poverty in Iran

IAU International Journal of Social Sciences, 2011

Women and girls constitute the majority of the world's poor. In the developing world, economic and social conditions of women had worsened (Falkingham& Baschiere 2004). Iran is an Asian country and about 10 percent of the population nationally lives below the poverty line according to statistics but in rural areas this ratio leaps to over 15 percent (World Health Organization 2008).Studies from various parts of the country sug- gest that, there are widespread and systematic inequalities within households. In this paper the main questions were: what are policy-practice impasses of the reduction of gender inequality and poverty of women, particular- ly household -headed women? How much have policies been succeeded? The aim of this paper was to examine the situation of poverty in Iran and the social policies for declining of women poverty in this country. For ans- wering to these questions, research was based on analyses of documents, include: data of Statistical Center of Iran, ye...