Natural Therapeutics in Aid of Treating Alzheimer’s Disease: A Green Gateway Toward Ending Quest for Treating Neurological Disorders (original) (raw)
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative brain disorder that causes cellular response alterations, such as impaired cholinergic mechanism, amyloid-beta (Aβ) AD aggregation, neuroinflammation, and several other pathways. AD is still the most prevalent form of dementia and affects many individuals across the globe. The exact cause of the disorder is obscure. There are yet no effective medications for halting, preventing, or curing AD’s progress. Plenty of natural products are isolated from several sources and analyzed in preclinical and clinical settings for neuroprotective effects in preventing and treating AD. In addition, natural products and their derivatives have been promising in treating and preventing AD. Natural bioactive compounds play an active modulatory role in the pathological molecular mechanisms of AD development. This review focuses on natural products from plant sources and their derivatives that have demonstrated neuroprotective activities and maybe pr...
Exploring the efficacy of natural products in alleviating Alzheimer’s disease
Neural Regeneration Research, 2019
Alzheimer's disease (hereafter AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the central nervous system. There are multiple factors that cause AD, viz., accumulation of extracellular Amyloid-beta 42 plaques, intracellular hyper-phosphorylated Tau tangles, generation of reactive oxygen species due to mitochondrial dysfunction and genetic mutations. The plaques and tau tangles trigger aberrant signaling, which eventually cause cell death of the neurons. As a result, there is shrinkage of brain, cognitive defects, behavioral and psychological problems. To date, there is no direct cure for AD. Thus, scientists have been testing various strategies like screening for the small inhibitor molecule library or natural products that may block or prevent onset of AD. Historically, natural products have been used in many cultures for the treatment of various diseases. The research on natural products have gained importance as the active compounds extracted from them have medicinal values with reduced side effects, and they are bioavailable. The natural products may target the proteins or members of signaling pathways that get altered in specific diseases. Many natural products are being tested in various animal model systems for their role as a potential therapeutic target for AD, and to address questions about how these natural products can rescue AD or other neurodegenerative disorders. Some of these products are in clinical trials and results are promising because of their neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-amyloidogenic, anticholinesterase activities and easy availability. This review summarizes the use of animal model systems to identify natural products, which may serve as potential therapeutic targets for AD.
Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2019
Editorial on the Research Topic Natural Products-Based Drugs: Potential Therapeutics Against Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia are disorders of the aging population and becoming major health care burden worldwide due to unavailability of complete therapy. AD is the most frequent cause of dementia among 60% to 80% patients and has effected 45 million people globally which is estimated to triple by 2050 (Alzheimer's, 2015). AD is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by behavioral turbulence, cognitive dysfunctions, imperfection in routine life activities, thus putting a huge socioeconomic burden on the health care system (Ahmad et al., 2015; Ali et al., 2017; Ayaz et al., 2017b). Among the pathophysiological hallmarks of the disease are the deficiency of vital neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), deposition of amyloid plaques (Aβ), highly phosphorylated tau proteins, and imbalance in gluatamatergic system (Ayaz et al., 2017a; Khalil et al., 2018; Ovais et al., 2018a). Only five drugs are clinically approved for use, among which tacrine, galantamine, donepezil, and rivastigmine are cholinesterase inhibitors whereas the fifth one memantine is glutamatergic system modulator (Ayaz et al., 2015; Kamal et al., 2015). These drugs have limited efficacy and are associated with side effects like tacrine is hepatotoxic (Watkins et al., 1994). Currently, results from clinical trials performed in mild to moderate AD dementia have directed researchers to find more effective yet safe alternatives from natural sources (Yiannopoulou and Papageorgiou, 2013; Cummings et al., 2014; Ovais et al., 2018b). The plant kingdom consists of a huge number of species with tremendous diversity of bioactive metabolites with different chemical scaffold (Ramawat et al., 2009; Ahmad et al., 2016; Mir et al., 2019). According to reports, only 6% and 15% of medicinal plants have been systematically investigated for pharmacological and phytochemical potentials respectively (Choudhary, 2001). Since, natural products are synthesized by living organisms, they have naturally optimized properties for various biological functions including binding to specific bimolecules or target proteins. Comparison of the structural features of natural and compounds synthetic revealed that the major difference between the two sources originates from starting points which makes synthesis more easy. For instance, separation of chiral compounds is a big challenge, so usually molecules with less number of chiral centers is synthesized and favored (Jan et al., 2019; Hussain et al., 2019). Besides the less number of chiral centers, synthetic molecules have low molecular weight, high chain lengths, less number of Lipinski type H-bond receptors and donors, less oxygen, and more halogen, nitrogen and sulfer.
Plants as Potential Sources for Drug Development against Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the elderly population and is considered to be responsible for ca. 60% of all dementia in people aged 65 or older. Due to its debilitating nature, an enormous social and economic burden is placed on society. The significance of AD is further compounded as the number of identified cases is estimated to double or triple by 2050. Currently there is no cure for the disorder and much of the treatments available have been able to only delay the progression of the disease or provide symptomatic relief for a short period of time. Therefore there is a need for a different approach to the treatment of these diseases. Plants have been used since antiquity in the treatment of various diseases including cognitive disorders, such as AD. Therefore ethnopharmacological screening of plants may provide useful leads in the discovery of new drugs for AD therapy. This article reviews screening of the plants, belonging to 21 families, used in traditional systems of medicine (e.g. Chinese, Indian and European) for treatment of cognitive dysfunction. Electronic data bases were used for searching information related to the studies done on the plants in the last 20 years. Phytochemical substances such as alkaloids, biphenolic lignans, curcuminoids, caffeic acid derivatives, diterpenes, triter-penoid saponins, triterpene lactones, stilbenes and withanolides with pharmacological activities relevant to AD treatment are discussed in this review. Compounds of potential interest for further drug developmental studies have been highlighted.
BIO ACTIVE PHYTOMOLECULES AS POTENTIAL SOURCE OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE'S THERAPY
International Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2014
Alzheimer's disease is an age allied neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of memory, unusual behavior, personality change and a decline in cognitive function. It is crucial to therapeutic important that could progression of Alzheimer's disease would spectacularly reduce the number of cases in the next 50 years. Medicinal plants have been the mainstream prolific source of leads for the development of drugs formulation, and a lot of new products are previously in clinical developed. Scientific studies have determined the use of various medicinal plants and their constituents for treatment of Alzheimer's disease the mechanism of their action is not appropriately described and much of the treatment are available have been able to only delay the progression of the disease. Consequently there is a need for a different approach to the treatment of these diseases. Plants have been used since antiquity in the treatment of various diseases including cognitive disorder, such as AD. Therefore ethanopharmacological screening of plants may provide useful leads in the discovery of new drug for AD therapy. This article reviews screening of the plants, belonging to 21 families, used in the traditional system of medicine (e.g. Chinese, India and European) for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Electronic data bases were used for searching information related to the studies done on the plants in the last 10 years. Phytochemical substance such as flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenes, sterols, alkaloids caffeic acid derivative, and stilbenes with pharmacological activities relevant to AD treatment are discussed in this review. Phytochemical for advance drug development studies have been highlighted.
Curcuminoids and resveratrol as anti-Alzheimer agents
Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2012
Alzheimer disease (AD) is by far the most common cause of dementia globally. This neurodegenerative disorder of the brain is chronic and progressive, characterized clinically by the deterioration in the key symptoms of behavioral and cognitive abilities. Treatment options for this disease currently are limited. Deposition of amyloid-b and tau hyperphosphorylation are cardinal pathologic features of AD that lead to the formation of neuronal plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, respectively. In addition to mounting research on herbal compounds for the treatment of AD, curcuminoids and resveratrol appear to be beneficial as anti-AD agents. Curcuminoids (curcumin and demethoxycurcumin) and resveratrol possess unique properties that make them especially worthy of further studies. This review article revisits and presents the current research done on the potential of the curcuminoids curcumin and demethoxycurcumin and the polyphenolic compound resveratrol as anti-AD compounds.
Natural Therapeutics for Alzheimer’s Disease
Functional Food and Human Health, 2018
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease which is serious, persistent and progressive and is linked with deterioration of memory and cognition. Commonly, Alzheimer's is the reason to cause dementia in aged people. The pathogenesis of this disease is linked with the buildup of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in brain tissues, and also the tau protein gets hyper-phosphorylated in neurons. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a result of oxidative stress is regarded as the main cause of AD. The present treatment offers only symptomatic relief which turns down the rate of cognitive destruction related with AD. Inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is believed as one of the key therapeutic approach contributing only symptomatic relief and modest disease modifying result. None of the drugs currently available could delay or halt the progression of AD. Several compounds showed positive results in preclinical studies but failed in clinical trials as they had limited targeting because of their inability to cross blood-brain barrier (BBB). Several problems exist in the development of new therapeutics. Medicinal plants have been reported for promising anti-AD action in many preclinical and clinical trials. Natural compounds provide various structural characteristics and biological activities and therefore are an attractive source for developing compounds against AD. Advance in extraction and separation method leads to the generation of natural products as potential therapeutics. Various medicinal plants also in their basic structure or as secluded compounds have demonstrated to lessen the pathological characteristics related with AD. In this chapter an effort has been made to focus on natural substances having role in anti-Alzheimer's therapy with their source, mechanism of action and limitations.
Backgrounds: Alzheimer's disease (AD) impacts a total of 30 million individuals worldwide, resulting in the impairment of brain cells. Despite the approval of medications, there are still poor results and adverse effects that continue to exist, which has led to continued research for more effective treatments. Objectives: In this study prioritize the medicinal plants and their bioactive chemicals to attract researchers and pharmaceutical companies interested in producing powerful herbal medicines and semi-synthetic drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, although minimizing any potential adverse effects. Methods: This review investigate the effective use of medicinal plants and their phytochemicals in the treatment of AD to manage its growth and relieve symptoms via improving cognitive deficits. Results: These medicinal plants and their phytochemicals contribute to the treatment of AD by protecting against cell damage induced by beta amyloid, improving memory and learning abilities, functioning as nerve tonics, and exhibiting strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, they have demonstrated therapeutic benefits in the management of AD. The finding suggests that several phytoconstituents/ plant metabolites are present in numerous anti-Alzheimer's plants known for their anti-Alzheimer's properties such as rosmarinic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid, β-sitosterol, oleic acid and linalool. In addition, this article emphasizes the anti-Alzheimer's disease significance of various important phytochemicals. Conclusion: The review proposes that medicinal plants and their bioactive phytochemicals hold potential as a viable alternative treatment for AD. The utilization of these medicinal plants can improve memory and decrease the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease in the future.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder related with the increase of age and it is the main cause of dementia in the world. AD affects cognitive functions, such as memory, with an intensity that leads to several functional losses. The continuous increase of AD incidence demands for an urgent development of effective therapeutic strategies. Despite the extensive research on this disease, only a few drugs able to delay the progression of the disease are currently available. In the last years, several compounds with pharmacological activities isolated from plants, animals and microorganisms, revealed to have beneficial effects for the treatment of AD, targeting different pathological mechanisms. Thus, a wide range of natural compounds may play a relevant role in the prevention of AD and have proven to be efficient in different preclinical and clinical studies. This work aims to review the natural compounds that until this date were described as having significant benef...
Therapeutic Potential of Different Natural Products for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
A high incidence of dementia (60–80%) and a high rate of memory loss are two of the most common symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which affects the elderly. Researchers have recommended that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Indian medicines can be used to prevent and cure AD. Several studies have linked neuroinflammation linked to amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brain to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders. As a result, more research is needed to determine the role of inflammation in neurodegeneration. Increased microglial activation, cytokine production, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) all play a role in the inflammatory process of AD. This review focuses on the role of neuroinflammation in neuroprotection and the molecular processes used by diverse natural substances, phytochemicals, and herbal formulations in distinct signaling pathways. Currently, researchers are focusing on pharmacologically active natural compounds wi...