The gallbladder of the guinea pig: Its concentrating and contractile abilities (original) (raw)
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The role of the gallbladder in humans
Revista de gastroenterología de México
The basic function of the gallbladder in humans is one of protection. The accumulation of the primary bile acids (cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid) in the gallbladder reduces the formation of the secondary bile acids (deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid), thus diminishing their concentration in the so-called gallbladder-independent enterohepatic circulation and protecting the liver, the stomach mucosa, the gallbladder, and the colon from their toxic hydrophobic effects. The presence or absence of the gallbladder in mammals is a determining factor in the synthesis of hydrophobic or hydrophilic bile acids. Because the gallbladder contracts 5-20 min after food is in the stomach and the "gastric chyme" moves from the stomach to the duodenum 1-3 h later, the function of the gallbladder bile in digestion may be insignificant. The aim of this article was to provide a detailed review of the role of the gallbladder and the mechanisms related to bile formation in humans.
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology, 1981
The biliary response to feeding has been investigated in intact and cholecystectomized rabbits, with and without interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. The relative contribution of the different secretory mechanisms involved in this process has been examined. Feeding induced an increase in the flow and bicarbonate concentration of the bile and a slight decrease in the bile salt content in rabbits with gall bladders and the enterohepatic circulation intact. Feeding with the enterohepatic circulation interrupted elicited a drop in bile flow and the bile salt concentration, but an increase in bicarbonate concentration. Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation thus dramatically modifies the feeding response: a response to food is still detectable after interruption, but is masked by the negative effects of drainage of the bile away from the duodenum.
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology, 1981
The role of enterohepatic circulation of bile salts in biliary secretion in conscious rabbits has been investigated before and after cholecystectomy. Bile flow was higher and bile salt concentration lower in cholecystectomized than in intact rabbits: this could have been caused by a negative feedback effect on bile salt synthesis as the circulating bile salt pool increased. The effects of cholecystectomy on flow and bile salt concentration balanced each other. Bile flow and bile salt concentration declined after interruption of the enterohepatic circulation in both cholecystectomized and intact rabbits. Furthermore, the percentage of the flow of bile independent of bile salt secretion increased, while that independent of total analysed solutes decreased after the enterohepatic circulation was broken. These results confirm that the decrease in bile flow after interruption of the enterohepatic circulation is due to loss of bile salts and not of electrolytes. * See Methods.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1971
The baboon, Papio , has been found to be a model for the study of the pathogenesis of cholesterol cholelithiasis in man. Studies of the physiologic variations in hepatic bile composition indicate a cyclic pattern to the proportions of cholesterol, lecithin, and bile salt in hepatic bile. During reabsorption of the bile salt pool from the intestines (stimulated flow), hepatic bile is characteristically undersaturated with cholesterol. After reabsorption of the bile salt pool (basal flow), hepatic bile is characteristically supersaturated with cholesterol. This typical pattern of basal and stimulated hepatic bile occurs irrespective of the presence of cholesterol stones in the baboon. Recognition of these two types of hepatic bile and their interrelationship during admixture in the gallbladder provides new insight into the pathogenesis of gallstone formation.
Effect of cholagogues on the volume of the gallbladder of dogs
Research in Veterinary Science, 1996
The effect of cholagogues on the volume of the gallbladder was studied by two-dimensional ultrasonography in six healthy dogs fasted for 24 hours. The volume was measured immediately before the administration of each test substance and at 10-minute intervals for 120 minutes thereafter. Tap water administered orally as a control did not elicit significant contractions; only the normal cyclic contractions of the gallbladder, occurring at intervals of 60 to 90 minutes, were recorded. Magnesium sulphate (500 mg as a 20 per cent aqueous solution given orally) and clanobutin (15 mg kg bodyweight-1 given intravenously) reduced the volume of the gallbladder by 24 per cent, and the volume then gradually increased at a rate which was almost identical for the two drugs. The cholagogic hormone cholecystokinin (administered intravenously at a dose rate of 0.04 microgram kg bodyweight-1) reduced the volume of the gallbladder by 40 per cent 10 minutes after its administration, and the volume was still markedly decreased 30 to 50 minutes after dosing. The results indicate that magnesium sulphate and clanobutin exert a direct effect on the motor activity of the gallbladder.
Bile secretion in the fistulated pig : effect of the method used for bile reinfusion
Reproduction Nutrition Développement, 1983
The aim of this work was to investigate the effects on bile secretion of flow rate and site of reinfusion of the collected bile to the animal. Thirty-two pigs weighing 50 ± 3 kg at the beginning of the experiment were fitted with a reentrant fistula in the lower common bile duct and in the upper duodenum. Bile collected from the bile duct was reinfused in four different ways (four groups of 8 animals each) : into the duodenum or the lower common bile duct at a constant flow rate using a peristaltic pump, or into the duodenum or the lower common bile duct at a rate mimicking the flow rate of the secretion using an automatic apparatus. Reinfusing the bile into the lower common bile duct at a rate mimicking the secretion rate provided a daily bile acid production about 21 % higher than the level recorded with the other three methods. This was mainly due to a higher bile acid concentration since the bile flow was only slightly affected by the treatment. Introduction. Research on the physiology of bile secretion in relation to the diet ingested by the conscious pig eating normally requires the measurement of total amounts of bile and of its components ; it is necessary to continuously collect the bile over experimental periods of several days in order to study the variation of its total quantity and of its components with the diet. Moreover, to keep the enterohepatic circulation intact and not to modify bile secretion (Dowling et al., 1968 ; Juste and Corring, 1979), the bile has to be reinfused to the animals. Depending on the study, bile has been infused into the duodenum (Nahrwold and Gross