Host Microbiomes Influence the Effects of Diet on Inflammation and Cancer (original) (raw)
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Cancer and the gut microbiota: An unexpected link
Science translational medicine, 2015
Changes in the interactions among the gut microbiota, intestinal epithelium, and host immune system are associated with many diseases, including cancer. We discuss how environmental factors infuence this cross-talk during oncogenesis and tumor progression and how manipulations of the gut microbiota might improve the clinical activity of anticancer agents.
Editorial: Host-microbiota and cancer
Frontiers in Oncology
Cancer is the 2 nd leading cause of death in the United States, making up an average of 21% of deaths in both genders (1). The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, starting from its peak in mid-2020 and still recovering (2). With continued mortality and incidence due to this disease, research has migrated to other areas of interest for mechanisms to aid cancer management, such as exosomes, nucleic acids, and, more innovatively, the gut microbiota. The human microbiome is a complex community composed of various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoans. It contains approximately 100 trillion microorganisms and can be found at different body points, such as the skin and respiratory system. Still, the majority commonly reside in the gastrointestinal region (3). The connection between microbiome and health began to be established with the microbiome having evolving links in cardiovascular, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer (4-6). Within the scope of cancer, it is now well known that a high involvement of microbiota can indirectly or directly affect the occurrence, treatment outcome, and drug resistance. For example, Helicobacter pylori are cancer-related pathogen that can increase the incidence of gastric cancer (7). This microorganism and others will generally be responsible for approximately 20% of cancer cases (8). Additionally, the microbiota in the body has been found to have interactions in the tumor microenvironment and has ways to promote or regulate carcinogenesis and cancer therapeutic response. This can occur through signaling pathways, inducing DNA damage, and immune system regulation (9). The ability of the human microbiota to play a functional role in carcinogenesis identifies it as a potential and worthy subject for further research to understand the regulatory mechanisms for pathogen-related cancers. Furthermore, research is essential and beneficial as it can aid in identifying novel therapeutics for cancer management. Studies have shown that the tumor microbiota has a different composition than normal, and the type of composition can affect different points of development and progression. The microbiome can help regulate cancer at various points and is commonly due to the significant difference in the microbiota composition. Therefore, understanding how the Frontiers in Oncology frontiersin.org 01
Role of diet and gut microbiota on colorectal cancer immunomodulation
World Journal of Gastroenterology
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers, and it is characterized by genetic and epigenetic alterations, as well as by inflammatory cell infiltration among malignant and stromal cells. However, this dynamic infiltration can be influenced by the microenvironment to promote tumor proliferation, survival and metastasis or cancer inhibition. In particular, the cancer microenvironment metabolites can regulate the inflammatory cells to induce a chronic inflammatory response that can be a predisposing condition for CRC retention. In addition, some nutritional components might contribute to a chronic inflammatory condition by regulating various immune and inflammatory pathways. Besides that, diet strongly modulates the gut microbiota composition, which has a key role in maintaining gut homeostasis and is associated with the modulation of host inflammatory and immune responses. Therefore, diet has a fundamental role in CRC initiation, progression and prevention. In particular, functional foods such as probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics can have a potentially positive effect on health beyond basic nutrition and have antiinflammatory effects. In this review, we discuss the influence of diet on gut microbiota composition, focusing on its role on gut inflammation and immunity. Finally, we describe the potential benefits of using probiotics and prebiotics to modulate the host inflammatory response, as well as its application in CRC prevention and treatment.
Microbiome as a Target for Cancer Therapy
Integrative Cancer Therapies
Recently, the microbiome has been gaining traction as a major player regulating various functions that correlate with many pathological conditions, including cancer. The central gut microbiota population has the capability to regulate normal inflammatory, immune, and metabolic functions, and disturbance in the balance of the normal microbiota population can subsequently induce pathological responses that closely relate with the mechanistic development and progression of cancer in various forms and sites. As a disease with major socioeconomic burden partly due to its current therapeutic options, modulating the imbalanced gut microbiota represents a novel option not only as an adjuvant therapy to relieve cancer treatment–related symptoms but also to influence cancer progression itself. In this review, we will discuss how the microbiome, specifically the gut microbiota, could affect cancer pathogenesis and what the effect of gut microbiota–targeting treatment options have on the many a...
The Journal of Pathology, 2018
Humans coexist with a vast bacterial, fungal and viral microbiome with which we have coevolved for millions of years. Several long recognized epidemiological associations between particular bacteria and cancer are now understood at the molecular level. At the same time, the arrival of next-generation sequencing technology has permitted a thorough exploration of microbiomes such as that of the human gut, enabling observation of taxonomic and metabolomic relationships between the microbiome and cancer. These studies have revealed causal mechanisms for both microbes within tumours and microbes in other host niches separated from tumours, mediated through direct and immunological mechanisms.
Microbiota in digestive cancers: our new partner?
Carcinogenesis, 2017
Evolution led to an essential symbiotic relationship between the host and commensal microbiota, regulating physiological functions including inflammation and immunity. This equilibrium can be disturbed by environmental factors such as lifestyle, diet or antibiotic pressure, contributing to create a dysbiosis. There is much evidence about the gut microbiota's contribution to carcinogenesis, involving pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive signals. At the same time, it seems to be increasingly clear that commensal microbes can modulate cancer therapy efficacy and safety, in particular, innovating treatments as immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we discuss how the microbiota can promote digestive tract carcinogenesis, responsiveness to cancer therapeutics and cancer-associated complications.
The Anti- and Pro-Tumorigenic Role of Microbiota and Its Role in Anticancer Therapeutic Strategies
Cancers
Human gut microbiota physiologically and actively participates as a symbiont to a wide number of fundamental biological processes, such as absorption and metabolism of nutrients, regulation of immune response and inflammation; gut microbiota plays also an antitumor role. However, dysbiosis, resulting from a number of different situations—dysmicrobism, infections, drug intake, age, diet—as well as from their multiple combinations, may lead to tumorigenesis and is associated with approximately 20% of all cancers. In a diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and epidemiological perspective, it is clear that the bifaceted role of microbiota needs to be thoroughly studied and better understood. Here, we discuss the anti- and pro-tumorigenic potential of gut and other microbiota districts along with the causes that may change commensal bacteria from friend to foes.
Roles of Microbiota in Cancer: From Tumor Development to Treatment
Journal of Oncology, 2022
Cancer as a second leading cause of death arises from multifactorial pathology. The association of microbiota and their products with various pathologic conditions including cancer is receiving significant attention over the past few years. Mounting evidence showed that human microbiota is an emerging target in tumor onset, progression, prevention, and even diagnosis. Accordingly, modulating this composition might influence the response to tumor therapy and therapeutic resistance as well. Through this review, one could conceive of complex interaction between the microbiome and cancer in either positive or negative manner by which may hold potential for finding novel preventive and therapeutic strategies against cancer.
Commensal microorganisms (the microbiota) live on all the surface barriers of our body and are particularly abundant and diverse in the distal gut. The microbiota and its larger host represent a metaorganism in which the cross talk between microbes and host cells is necessary for health, survival, and regulation of physiological functions locally, at the barrier level, and sys-temically. The ancestral molecular and cellular mechanisms stemming from the earliest interactions between prokaryotes and eukaryotes have evolved to mediate microbe-dependent host physiology and tissue homeostasis, including innate and adaptive resistance to infections and tissue damage. Mostly because of its effects on metabolism, cellular proliferation, inflammation, and immunity, the microbiota regulates cancer at the level of predisposing conditions, initiation, genetic instability, susceptibility to host immune response , progression, comorbidity, and response to therapy. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying the interaction of the microbiota with cancer and the evidence suggesting that the microbiota could be targeted to improve therapy while attenuating adverse reactions.