Med fužinarstvom in industrializacijo = Between Traditional Ironworking and Industrialisation (original) (raw)
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Archeologické rozhledy LXX-2018
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The Beginnings of Iron Smelting in the Area of the Przeworsk Culture
in: M. Brumlich - E. Lehnhardt - M. Meyer (eds.), The Coming of Iron. The Beginnings of Iron Smelting in Central Europe./ Proceedings of the International Conference Freie Universität Berlin Excellence Cluster 264 Topoi 19—21 October 2017. BAF 18 (Rahden/Westf. 2020) 155-173. , 2020
The contribution deals with the problem of pre-Roman iron smelting in the area of the Przeworsk culture. Although small-scale production must be assumed for the younger pre-Roman Iron Age, reliable evidence for iron smelting using bog iron ores only begins to appear at the transition to the Roman period (A3/B1). The appearance of this technology in the archaeological record seems to be related to a supraregional phenomenon associated with the transformation phase from the La Tène period to the Roman period in Central Europe. The good exchange relationships, presumably in the context of the ‘Amber Road’, may have been a major factor working against an intensification of iron smelting activity in the Polish territory until the end of the younger pre-Roman Iron Age and the decline of the La Tène culture.
Ko zapoje kovina. Tisočletja metalurgije na Slovenskem = The Song of Metal. Millennia of Metallurgy in Slovenia, 2019
The 16th century was a time of considerable change for metallurgy on the Slovenian territory. Many new manufacturing facilities were established, and the existing ones expanded and modernised. The Idrija Mercury Mine, the most important mine in Slovenian area during the Early Modern Period and an essential source of income for the territorial prince’s treasury, experienced its first major growth in this century. The iron industry played an increasingly important role in the entire economy of Slovenian area, but particularly in Upper Carniola. An important innovation in this period is the introduction of the indirect iron smelting process in blast furnaces, which allowed the production of larger quantities of pig iron. An invaluable contribution to the introduction of the new technology was made by settlers from northern Italy, both with regard to knowledge transfer and in terms of financial investments. With the onset of an economic crisis in the late 16th century, many production facilities were forced to stop operating. Those that survived generally continued their business until the end of the 19th century. Non-ferrous metallurgy also became more intensive in the Early Modern Period.
Metal and Machine Industry in Serbia
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The paper analyses status of metal and machine industry in Serbia, with short retrospect to previous period. Also, it presents the short review of the EU policies incentives and subsidies for industry development, especially through European Commission and their concept Horizont-2020. Bad conditions for industry of Serbia in last century quarter are not exceeded, arising trends are questionable. The development conception is not defined and established. Special interest of the paper is the status of the metal and machine industry, as very important branches for the economy of each country.
Hungarian Archeology, 2024
As a result of several years of fieldwork and a community archaeology programme, traces of an extensive iron processing centre between Nagykovácsi and Solymár were uncovered. The area is mostly forested, and many extraction and production areas are still visible on the surface. The site was surveyed by teams of the Ferenczy Museum Centre (FMC) and the Közösségi Régészeti Egyesület (KRE) [Community Archaeology Association]. It contributes greatly to our knowledge of the specific profession-related villages of royal service people as the name of the related settlement, referring to a place of ferrous metallurgy, is first mentioned in a late Árpád Age document.
Ekonomska i ekohistorija, 2023
The paper addresses the utilisation and management of natural resources, particularly forests, for ironmaking purposes in Slovenian lands. Until the 19th century, wood charcoal was the primary fuel used for iron extraction and processing. With the development of intensive ironmaking, charcoal consumption began to increase, but until the 16th century, it did not pose significant threats to the existence of forests. Proprietors of ironmaking plants had to obtain permission from seigniories to use forests, and in return, they paid dues that varied across different seigniories. From the late 15th century, disputes related to logging for charcoal production became more frequent, involving conflicts among ironworkers from different seigniories and between ironworkers and a seigniory. The latter resulted from enforcing the princely mining regalia and forest ownership in mining areas. The territorial prince reinforced this ownership through the issuance of mining regulations in 1517, 1553, and 1575, which also provided instructions for forest management. Each successive mining regulations contained more detailed provisions regarding deforestation, indicating a growing number of areas deforested for ironmaking purposes. The last part of the paper attempts to estimate the annual charcoal consumption and deforestation rate for ironmaking needs in Carniola and Gorizia, as well as the Jesenice ironmaking area, in the late 16th century. Due to the scarcity of preserved sources documenting charcoal consumption, and consequently the use of numerous more or less reliable variables in the calculation, the obtained results should be approached with a considerable degree of critical distance. Nevertheless, the estimates suggest that even during this period, relatively extensive forest areas had to be cleared for iron extraction and processing.
Historical Outline of Iron Mining and Production in the Area of Present-Day Poland
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The article presents the history of iron ore mining and production in present-day Poland and takes into account mining and production techniques and the influence of mining on the development of the surrounding areas. Examples of development are presented for the most important iron ore mining centers established since the period of the so-called Roman influences—Lower Silesia in the region of Tarchalice and the Świętokrzyskie region in the area of Góry Świętokrzyskie (Świętokrzyskie Mountains). The oldest traces of underground iron ore mining in Poland date back to the 7th–5th century B.C., and iron production dates back from the 1st century B.C. in the Częstochowa region where economically significant iron ore exploitation started in the 14th century and lasted until the 20th century. Studies showed that the development of iron ore mining in today’s Poland was associated with significant events in the country’s history, for example, with the expansion of a network of fortified cas...
Two iron technology diffusion routes in Eastern Europe
Two iron technology diffusion routes in Eastern Europe, 2018
Dvě trasy šíření znalosti zpracování železa ve východní Evropě Vladimir I. Zavyalov-Nataliya N. Terekhova Archaeometallographic data suggest that there were two technological models in Eastern Europe as early as the Bronze Age-Early Iron Age transition period (9 th-7 th centuries BC). We link their development to two routes via which knowledge of use of ferrous metals diffused from Anatolia. The first route reached the North Caucasus, the second route passed through Greece and the Balkans to Central and Eastern Europe. archaeometallography-Eastern Europe-ferrous metals-transition period Archeometalografická data naznačují, že již v přechodu mezi dobou bronzovou a ranou dobou železnou (9.-7. stol. př. n. l.) existovaly ve východní Evropě dva technologické modely zpracování železa. Jejich rozvoj spojujeme se dvěma trasami, kterými se znalosti užívání železných kovů z Anatolie rozšířily. První trasa překročila Zakavkazsko, druhá trasa vedla přes Řecko a Balkán do střední a východní Evropy. archeometallografie-východní Evropa-železné kovy-přechodné období The issue of emergence and spread of ferrous metallurgy is still relevant despite the fact that it has been on the research agenda for quite a long time. L. Morgan (1935, 28) argued that 'The production of iron was the event of events in human experience, without a parallel , and without an equal, besides which all other inventions and discoveries were in-considerable, or at least subordinate'. Most researchers tend to believe that telluric iron production originated in Anatolia. The region had all basic preconditions, such as focused and systematic search of ore minerals ; understanding properties of minerals which could be turned to metal; pyrotechno-logical structures; use of artificial blowing to achieve high temperatures (when smelting)