Risk-Oriented Approach Application at Planning and Orginizing Antiepidemic Provision of Mass Events (original) (raw)

Systems for prevention and control of epidemic emergencies

The development of early warning systems is fundamental for preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Data collection, however, is a costly activity and it is not possible to implement early warning systems everywhere and for all possible events. Hence, tools helping to improve the focus of surveillance efforts are of paramount importance. Risk assessment methods and other provisional modelling techniques may permit to estimate the probability of introduction and spread of infectious diseases in different geographical areas. Similarly, efficient information systems must be in place to assist the veterinary services in case of epidemic emergencies in order to support the prompt application of control measures for the containment of the infection and the reduction of the magnitude of negative consequences. This review describes two recent approaches to the estimation of the probability of introduction and spread of infectious diseases based on the use of risk maps/spatial modelling and Social Network Analysis (SNA) techniques. The review also describes a web application developed in Italy to help official veterinary services to trace animals in case of outbreaks of infectious diseases.

Comprehensive risk assessment of epidemiological situation aggravation as regards natural-focal infectious diseases during the XXI FIFA world cup in the Russian Federation in 2018

Medical news of the North Caucasus, 2018

The paper identifies major epidemiological threats associated with holding the XXI World Cup in 11 cities of the Russian Federationю Epidemiological conjuncture of enzootic natural focal infectious diseases of bacterial and viral etiology registered in FWC-2018 host-entities was analyzed from the standpoint of epidemiological risk. It is shown that hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome was the most significant internal threat for the Republic of Tatarstan and Mordovia, Samara and Nizhny Novgorod Regions, Ixodidae tick-borne borreliosis-for Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Sverdlovsk Region. The average risk of tick-borne viral encephalitis was determined for the Sverdlovsk Region. During the World Cup-2018, the probability of Crimean hemorrhagic fever occurrence existed in the Rostov Region (medium risk), West Nile fever-in Volgograd Region (medium risk). A clearer understanding of the epidemiological threats picture enabled us to formulate better strategies and possible to scientifically substantiate a set of preventive measures in areas of epidemiological risk.

Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as the applied public health and environmental epidemiology

International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health, 2014

The public health epidemiology is the study of horizontal and vertical structure of the disease infection state, and health related events and attempt to explain the environmental risk factors (biological, physical, and chemical agents); social settings and factors affecting human contact with these agents, and socioeconomic and environmental condition. GIS has been used to mapping the epidemiological information which includes the burden of disease epidemic transmission, spatial distribution and the determinants of health related states or events in specified population with reference to space and time. Perhaps, remote sensing and GPS has been integrated under the GIS umbrella for disease surveillance, situation analyze and the spatial modelling of disease transmission. The first application of cartography was used in the public health epidemiology for mapping diarrhea disease in London, during 1854 by Jonson Snow, UK physician. However, the applied GIS and remote sensing have not only become essential tool in mapping the both vertical and horizontal epidemiological information, disease surveillance, health monitoring, surveying, sampling design, disease control programs, predicting the disease transmission, and most importantly, incorporated the ge0spatial epidemiological analysis of proximity, similarity, geometry, and cognitive of the disease incidence and the socioeconomic and the ecological variables. It has also become significant decision making tool in heath monitoring, health care management and public health epidemiology. The ERDAS Imagine image processing software and the ARC GIS, Map INFO, Geovariogram+, SPSS are used to mapping, spatial analysis and image processing of the both non-spatial and spatial data. The illustrations are used in the present study based on the data generated from the source of author's research works and publications, which has relevant information on the public health epidemiological aspects of vector borne disease transmission and GIS for epidemic control and management in India.

Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as the Applied Public Health & Environmental Epidemiology

The public health epidemiology is the study of horizontal and vertical structure of the disease infection state, and health related events and attempt to explain the environmental risk factors (biological, physical, and chemical agents); social settings and factors affecting human contact with these agents, and socioeconomic and environmental condition. GIS has been used to mapping the epidemiological information which includes the burden of disease epidemic transmission, spatial distribution and the determinants of health related states or events in specified population with reference to space and time. Perhaps, remote sensing and GPS has been integrated under the GIS umbrella for disease surveillance, situation analyze and the spatial modelling of disease transmission. The first application of cartography was used in the public health epidemiology for mapping diarrhea disease in London, during 1854 by Jonson Snow, UK physician. However, the applied GIS and remote sensing have not only become essential tool in mapping the both vertical and horizontal epidemiological information, disease surveillance, health monitoring, surveying, sampling design, disease control programs, predicting the disease transmission, and most importantly, incorporated the ge0spatial epidemiological analysis of proximity, similarity, geometry, and cognitive of the disease incidence and the socioeconomic and the ecological variables. It has also become significant decision making tool in heath monitoring, health care management and public health epidemiology. The ERDAS Imagine image processing software and the ARC GIS, Map INFO, Geovariogram+, SPSS are used to mapping, spatial analysis and image processing of the both non-spatial and spatial data. The illustrations are used in the present study based on the data generated from the source of author’s research works and publications, which has relevant information on the public health epidemiological aspects of vector borne disease transmission and GIS for epidemic control and management in India.

Proceedings of the ANSO-PAS-MAAP Conference on Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness

Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences

An EPIDEMIC is a disease that affects many people within a community, population, or region. ENDEMIC is something that belongs to a particular people or country. A PANDEMIC is an epidemic that’s spread over multiple countries or continents. Epidemics and pandemics are some of the leading threats to global health security. They not only affect people’s health and well-being, but they can also have a massive impact on livelihoods and entire societies too. Pandemics can cause sudden, widespread morbidity and mortality as well as social, political, and economic disruption. The world has endured several notable pandemics, including the Black Death, Spanish flu, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Most new pandemics have originated through the “zoonotic” transmission of pathogens from animals to humans, and the next pandemic is likely to be a zoonosis as well. Zoonoses enter human populations from both domesticated animals (such as farmed swine...

Sanitary Aspects of Countering the Spread of COVID-19 in Russia

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021

Due to the conditions that cause the spread of COVID-19, national health systems worldwide are under severe strain. Most countries face similar difficulties such as a lack of medical personnel and equipment and tools for diagnosis and treatment, overrun hospitals, and forced restriction of planned medical care. Public authorities in healthcare take the following measures due to increased pressure: limiting the transmission and spread of the virus (social distancing and quarantine), mobilizing medical personnel, ensuring the availability of diagnostic and treatment tools, and providing a sufficient number of premises, which are not always suitable for the provision of medical care (buildings and structures). To date, the stages of management decision-making to counter coronavirus infection and the risk of COVID-19 transmission at various facilities have not been analyzed. The authors propose a methodology for assessing the COVID-19 transmission risk at various social and transport fa...

Environmental risk factors in relation to occurrence of vector borne disease epidemics: Remote sensing and GIS for rapid assessment, picturesque, and monitoring towards sustainable health

International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2017

Illnesses caused by pathogens and parasites in human populations that are spread by arthropod insects are called vector-borne diseases. The prevalence of vector-borne diseases contribute one-sixth of the illness and disability worldwide, especially, imposes large economic burden and casualty in the world, and has been increasing public health important, especially, challenging problems in more than 100 tropical countries and being affects more than 50% of the population in the world. The both vertical and horizontal structure of the epidemics have become major challenging problems in India. The study of environmental aspects in relation to occurrences of vector borne disease epidemics provides the indicators to stratification of probability of transmission risk. Gaining the preeminent understanding of the spatial aspects of vector borne disease transmission, vector ecology, vector breeding habitats, and the occurrences of vector borne disease epidemics in different part of the country through mapping, monitoring and surveillance of the epidemics; towards the achievements of disease transmission control and management, using remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS) is the most productively significant scientific methods. The hybrid techniques of remote sensing and GIS are being used to rapid epidemiological mapping of the relevant information to understanding the spatial variation of the vector biodiversity, vector abundance, and the active infection state of vector borne disease transmission, disease surveillance, and perhaps, provides the disease epidemiological information along with geo-coordinates of site specification. The information relevant to the environmental variables in relation to the occurrences of vector borne diseases provides vertical and horizontal structure of the disease transmission risk, and to assess the community at risk of disease infection in different parts of the country, and thus, datum of guidelines to apply suitable prevent measures to control the epidemic transmission early in advance.

HAZARD RISK EVALUATION OF COVID-19: A CASE STUDY

2023

The present research deals with an in-depth analysis of COVID-19 risk in the state of Kerala using the integrated approach of the hazard and vulnerability in a GIS platform. Considering the probable causative factors of this disease, several geo-environmental indicators are analyzed through various statistical and geospatial techniques. Lorenz curve indicates an uneven distribution of COVID-19 instances in Kerala. Hazard analysis is formulated based on the proximity to hotspots and LULC followed by vulnerability analysis using an integrated analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Risk analysis reveals that COVID-19 infection poses a very serious threat to around 2.39% of Kerala's total land area, with high, medium and low risks of 38, 44 and 14% respectively. The outcomes of this research will be a first-hand tool for policymakers to safeguard the population in high-risk potential zones from the future spread of infectious disease.

Sanitary, Hygienic and Organizational Criteria for Reducing the Risk of COVID-19

The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Environmental Research and Public Health—Public Health Issues in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2021

Novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) was identified in December 2019 in the People’s Republic of China, and it started emerging as an international healthcare emergency. The COVID-19 pandemic might represent the tip of the iceberg, and it is the responsibility of all public healthcare authorities and experts to develop an adequate response using the right protocols and instruments to ensure public safety. As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we proposed a set of approaches to prevent the risk of COVID-19: risk assessment criteria, a preventive action plan, an occupational classification system, and sanitary-hygienic principles. All these approaches are beneficial in developing policies and decisions for improving the performance and the outcomes of national and global public health authorities. The risk measurement scale (high risk, medium risk, and low risk) can be used to measure the risk magnitude of contracting coronavirus infection, and to classify occupations according to the cor...