Evaluation of regional medicinal plants biological, pharmacological and toxicological activity Research Papers (original) (raw)

The present work offers a review addressing the chemistry and pharmacology of Limnophila aromatica (Lamk.) Merr. (Belonging to Scrophulariaceae family) regarded as one of the most significant plant species in traditional system of medicine and is established as a source of flavonoids, terpenoids etc. The isolated phytochemicals as well as different extracts exhibited significant biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, vascular protective activities. Exhaustive research regarding isolation of more phytochemicals and pharmacology study on this medicinal plant is still necessary so as to explore the plant regarding its medicinal importance. Therefore, the aim of this review is to boost up present day researchers in this direction to undertake further investigation of this plant for searching new drugs. The present review covers literature up to January 2014 and enlists 24 references.

- by ami naik
- •
- Biochemistry, Pharmacy, Toxicology, Flavonoids

Traditionally, plants have been used as a source of medicine in India by indigenous people inhabiting various terrains for the control of different ailments afflicting human. An ethno botanical survey was undertaken in Nawarangpur District, Odisha, India. The plants and their traditional use are part of the natural and cultural heritage of the region. The study was carried out regarding the medicinal plants used by the local peoples during 2000 to 2004. Finally, the data were assessed to which extent plants are vulnerable due to collection and habitat destruction. An ethno botanical survey was undertaken in the Nawarangpur District, Odisha, India. Data were collected through field assessments from traditional healers and locals by means of personal interviews and semi-structured questionnaires. Voucher specimens were collected following standard methods, identified with the help of pertinent floras and taxonomic experts and deposited in the Herbarium, RRL-B, India for future references. A total of 69 plant species belonging to 43 families are reported during the study. The major life forms were herbs, trees, shrubs, climbers, small tree and creeper. Several medicinal plants recognized for the treatment of various diseases were collected. The root parts were widely used, followed by leaf, bark, seed and stem. This study reveals that medicinal plants still play a vital role in the primary healthcare of this local community. Traditional medicines also have the potential to form the basis of pharmaceutical drugs for the treatment of a range of diseases. Further, the information requires validation for further clinical usage.

Acne is a common disorder of pilosebaceous gland. It is a great
challenge for the dermatologist for its complexity, prevalence and
also huge range of clinical expression. Due to hormonal changes
99.5% of teenage boys and 83% of teenage girls are affected by acne
which may continue throughout adolescence. Now-a-days different
modern allopathic medicines viz., anti-inflammatory agents,
antibiotics and comedolytic agents are developed for treatment
purpose topically and systematically. But these have many side
effects. Prolonged and excessive use of antibiotics may develop
resistance in acne causing bacteria viz. Propionibacterium acne and
Staphylococcus epidermidis. So to give relief from acne problems
and also to minimize the side effects it is better to use herbal drugs
than allopathic drugs. This article describes about different plants
used starting from their name, their family, part used and active
constituents.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the toxicological and
biochemical effects of administration of ethanolic fruit extract of
Adenopus breviflorus (EEAB) on some liver and kidney parameters
of albino rats. Phytochemical screening was carried out on the fruit of
A. breviflorus sample. The effect of the extract on the histology of the
liver tissues was also investigated. Thirty (30) male albino rats were
randomly divided into 5 groups (n=6) rats each. Group 1 served as
the control and was administered 2mL distilled water. The remaining
groups received 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/kg/ b.w.t/day of
EEAB respectively orally over a period of 56 days. The animals
were sacrificed twenty four hours after administration on the fifty
sixth day. Liver and blood samples were collected and biochemical
indices such as alanine transaminase-ALT, aspartate transaminaseAST, alkaline phosphatase-ALP, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, total
protein, albumin and globulin assays were determined in the serum
using standard techniques. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA
and the level of significance was at P=0.05. The extract significantly
increased (P=0.05) the serum levels of urea, creatinine, and total
bilirubin in all the treatment groups when compared to the control in
dose-dependent manner except in animals administered 500mg/kg/
b.w.t of EEAB. Similar results were observed for serum activity of
ALP, ALT, and AST. However, a significant decreased was observed
in the serum level of albumin, globulin, and total protein in all treated
groups except in group 2 animals. Phytochemical studies revealed the
presence of saponins (triterpenoids). The LD50 of the ethanolic extract was determined to be above 5000mg/kg BW. Routine H
and E histological study revealed features of hepatotoxicity. The
study suggests that ethanolic extract of A. breviflorus predisposes
the animals to adverse effects and it was therefore concluded that
the extract could be safe at the tested dosage of 500mg/kg body
weight but hepatotoxic at higher doses.

Shade dried flowers of Plumeria rubra f. rubra and Plumeria
rubra f. lutea were subjected to successive solvent extraction by
soxhlation using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and
methanol. The extracts were subjected to preliminary
phytochemical screening using standard procedures and the data
obtained from the flowers of both the species was comparatively
evaluated. The methanolic extracts, rich in phytochemical
constituents, were screened for analgesic activity (acetic acidinduced
writhing & tail immersion methods) using diclofenac
(10mg/kg b.w) as standard and antipyretic activity (brewer’s
yeast-induced pyrexia test) using paracetamol (100mg/kg; p.o.) as
standard at dose levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. Oral
administration of methanolic extracts of Plumeria rubra f. rubra
and Plumeria rubra f. lutea (MEPR & MEPL) produced
significant reduction in number of writhes induced by acetic-acid.
Moreover, in tail immersion, MEPR & MEPL significantly raised
the pain threshold at different time intervals, in comparison with
control. There was a significant dose-dependent inhibition in both
the methods. In antipyretic activity, MEPR & MEPL significantly
reduced hyperthermia at either dose levels. The results obtained in
all the animal models were highly significant and comparable to
that of standard drugs. Hence, from the above findings, it can be
concluded that Plumeria rubra possesses potent analgesic and
moderate antipyretic properties. However the methanolic extract
of flowers of Plumeria rubra f. rubra was found to be more potent
than that of Plumeria rubra f. lutea flower extract.

Toxicology is the study of the nature, effects, and detection of poisons (toxins) and the treatment of poisoning. The connected discipline of toxicology includes the study of the nature and mechanisms of deleterious effects of chemicals on living beings. The study of toxicology as a distinct, yet related, discipline to pharmacology highlights the emphasis of toxicologists in formulating measures aimed at protective public health against exposures associated with toxic materials in food, air and water, as well as hazards that may be related with drugs. • Occupational toxicology For more details on abstract submission, PS: https://clinicalcasereports.conferenceseries.com/ call-for-abstracts.php

Background: Prosthechea karwinskii is an endemic Mexican orchid, it's currently used as decorative element and in the traditional medicine to treat diabetes and some problems related to inflammatory processes. Aim: To determine antioxidant activity index (AAI) and to validate by the first time and through an rat model the hydroalcoholic extract obtained from Prosthechea karwinskii, a plant used in traditional medicine for treat conditions relate to the metabolic syndrome. Methods: For in vivo assays 25 weaned male Wistar rats were divided into a control group (CG; n = 5) and a Metabolic Syndrome group (MS; n = 20). The rats of the latter were induced to MS with 40% sucrose in the drink water during 13 weeks. After MS induction this group was subdivided into 4 groups: MS group (n = 5) received sucrose, and three groups receiving 200 mg/kg of body weight of each extract pseudobulb (P, n = 5), leaf (L, n = 5), and flower (F, n = 5). All treatments were followed for 13 days. Blood was collected at the end of the study to measure glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides. AAI were measured in the extracts by the method of DPPH. The results were analyzed using MINITAB 16.1.0, and the statistical significance was determined by ANOVA and a Tukey's test (P < 0.05). Results: Leaves (L) extract had highest values in AAI, followed by flowers (F) and pseudobulb (P) extracts. Leaves extract had highest reducing effect on glucose level, while flower extract had highest reducing effect on the cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Conclusions: The P. karwinskii extracts evaluated here reduces the glycemic and lipidemic parameters in Wistar rats with MS induced. These effects may be attributed to the high antioxidant capacity of the extracts.

Objective: To study the abortifacient potential of the Siddha
polyherbal formulation Maavilingathy Mathirai in Wistar Albino rats.
Materials and Methods: Male and Female albino rats of Wistar
strain weighing about 120-200 gm in the ratio of 1:2 were caged.
Pregnancy was confirmed and the rats were divided into three groups
of six animals each and the rats were administered the drug through
gastric gavage from 6
th
to 15
th
day of pregnancy. The 3 groups of
animals were administered 2ml/kg of CMC, 100 mg/kg, 200mg/kg of
MLM for 10 days. The animals were laparotomised on 19th day of
pregnancy and the uterine horns were subjected for the examination
of the live and dead fetuses, implantation sites, resorptions. The
serum was separated and let down into a vial and then and subjected
to ELISA method for the assessment for LH, Estradiol, FSH and
Progesterone.
Results and Discussion: The MLM 100 and MLM 200 reduced the
no. of implants in the uterus significantly. The percentage of abortion
calculated revealed that it was 34% at the dose level of 100mg/kg and
69% at the dose of 200mg/kg and a significant abortifacient effect
indicating the reduction of the number of viable fetuses.FSH
hormone level is highly significant (p<0.01) at both the dose levels of
MLM100, 200mg/kg. The results showed significant decrease in LH
at a dose level 0f 100mg/kg and highly significant decrease at the
dose level of MLM200mg/kg. Estradiol hormone is highly significant
(p<0.01) at both the dose levels of MLM100, 200mg/kg.
Progesterone hormone is also highly significant (p<0.01) at both the
dose levels of MLM100, 200mg/kg. The reduction in the level of
hormones proved to be the prime reason for abortifacient activity.

Twenty samples of Combretum glutinosum gum, collected from Blue Nile state in
Sudan during the seasons 2007 and 2008, were characterized using different
physicochemical methods. Results obtained showed that the mean value for moisture
content was 7.96%, ash content was 4.51%, pH value was 4.5, nitrogen content was
0.37%, protein content was 2.43%, acid equivalent weight was 1524.15, total uronic
acid was 15.53%, intrinsic viscosity was 11.2 ml g-1 where as tannin and starch or
dextrin were not detected in any samples. It is also found that Combretum glutinosum
gum had low solubility in water, but it dissolved perfectly in basic media. Atomic
Absorption spectrophotomtric analysis showed the most abundant cations present are
calcium, potassium and magnesium with mean values in ppm 46.73, 35.97 and 17.36
respectively. Acid hydrolysis showed that the gum content of monosccharides were
arabinose 56.1%, galactose 33% and rhamnose 10.9%. Toxicological study using in
vitro cytotoxic methods on different types of normal and cancer human cell lines,
showed that the IC50 was less than 100 ìg/ml in the majority of gum samples studied.
Prediction of LD50 starting doses was estimated from the values of IC50 using Halle’s
RC prediction model and was found to be in the range of 0.03 to 0.02 g kg-1 body
weight on both normal and cancer cell lines.
........
.....

In spite of the tremendous advances made in the modem
system of medicine there are a large number of diseases for
which suitable drugs are still not available. Infection caused by parasitic agents and/or physiological disorders are the main reasons of human health problems. In the course of man's endeavor through ages to find means to protect himself from infection or correct the defective bio-chemical processes man has developed several systems of medicine like Ayurvedic, Unani, Sidda, Homeopathy, etc. where most of the formulations have their origin from the vast plant resources.Though these formulations and medicines have been successful in giving a substantial level of protection to man the pathogenic microbes have competed well to them and or evolved mechanisms for their own survival in presence of large number of drugs.

Pharmacological resistance to synthetic anthelmintic drugs represents an important barrier to animal parasite control. Considering the global agenda of sustainable development, search and development of phytotherapy agents, traditional phytotherapy products, and medicinal plants represent important measures to minimize the occurrence of pharmacological resistance and the impacts of synthetic drugs on the environment. In this context, antiparasitic properties of tanniferous plants have been recorded, highlighting the genus Musa spp. Toxicological evaluation is necessary for the validation of substances with pharmacological properties and their use on animals. The objective of the present study was to establish a standard operating procedure for the toxicological evaluation of the hydroalcoholic extract of banana bracts at 10%. The experimental design included the search and analysis of scientific articles published between 2010 and 2020 on the Scielo, PubMed, and Portal de Periódicos da CAPES databases, documents, and laws delivered by regulatory bodies of scientific research. The standard operating procedure describes the scientific methodology, including animal data and laboratorial analyses of serum, organs and tissues. The present study supports and enables future pre-clinical trials for the evaluation of toxic effects of banana bracts extract in rats.

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of major phytoconstituents of three important and wildly growing medicinal plants of forests of Punjab region in India for their possible protective effect against focal cerebral ischaemia and associated cerebral infarction. Ajugarin I I, Punarnavine and Marmesinin obtained from Ajuga bracteosa, Boerhaavia diffusa and Aegle marmelos respectively were used in the present protocol. Cerebral ischaemia was induced in mice using transient middle cerebral artery occlusion method. Evaluation of infarct volume and histomorphology was performed. Authenticity of stroke was evaluated by measuring neurological deficit score. A standard neuroprotective agent edavarone was used as control. Cerebral ischaemia resulted in infarction as evidenced by histopathology of the cerebral cortex sections of the animals and a subsequent increase in the neurological deficit score. Administration of the medicinal substances resulted in a significant reduction in the infarct volume and neurological deficit score. The results indicate the possible protective potential of selected phytoconstituents in cerebral ischaemia induced stroke.