Ethnic Disparities in Major Adverse Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Events (MACCEs) and Postoperative Outcomes Following Coronary Artery Bypass in Northeastern Iran (2007–2016) (original) (raw)

Abstract

Background:

Turkmens are an ethnic group mainly living in northeastern Iran. Despite previous studies on coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) outcomes among different ethnicities, the effect of Turkmen ethnicity on outcomes of CABG surgery is still unknown. We aimed to assess the association between Turkmen ethnicity and postoperative outcomes following CABG.

Methods:

We used the CABG data from two heart centers in northeastern Iran between 2007 and 2016. We included adult patients undergoing CABG surgery. The study outcomes were in-hospital major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), consisting of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and cardiovascular death, and postoperative outcomes, including postoperative arrhythmia, acute atrial fibrillation (AF), major bleeding, and acute renal failure (ARF).

Results:

Over the course of one decade, 3632 patients, with an average age (standard deviation) of 59.0 (9.8) years, were studied. Of these, 3,331 patients were of non-Turkmen ethnicity, and 301 patients were Turkmens. According to adjusted analysis, ethnicity was not associated with MACCEs (OR: 1.15, 95 % CI: 0.61, 2.16; _P_=0.663), postoperative arrhythmia (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 0.78, 1.54; _P_=0.588), acute AF (OR: 1.17, 95 % CI: 0.83, 1.66; _P_=0.359), major bleeding (OR: 1.21, 95 % CI: 0.55, 2.67; _P_=0.636), or ARF (OR: 2.60, 95 % CI: 0.60, 11.75, _P_=0.224).

Conclusion:

This study found that despite ethnic disparity and preoperative differences, Turkmen ethnicity was not associated with in-hospital MACCEs, AF, major bleeding, or ARF after coronary artery bypass.

Keywords: Coronary artery bypass, Ethnicity, Iran, Major adverse cardiovascular events, Outcomes, Retrospective studies

Introduction

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the major cause of death worldwide, responsible for about 9 million deaths in 2019. This number has increased by over 2 million since 2000, making it the most significant death increase due to any disease.1 Despite the growing use of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs), coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) remains the most advantageous method for left main artery and multi-arterial revascularization.2

Based on extensive studies conducted in past decades, risk factors and, subsequently, highly effective interventions have been introduced to lower the burden of IHDs.3 However, the majority of these studies were conducted in high-income countries, while recent data suggests that close to 80% of cardiovascular deaths occur in low- and middle-income regions.4 Furthermore, previous studies reported that ethnic disparities could significantly affect the frequency of risk factors and the severity of the IHDs.5-7

Over half of the countries in the eastern Mediterranean region are considered low- or middle-income countries.8 As reported in the Eastern Mediterranean regional health observatory (EMRO), the disease burden in this region has shifted from communicable to non-communicable, expected to claim the greatest increase by 2030.9-11

The Golestan province, located in northeastern Iran, is populated mainly by two ethnic groups, Fars and Turkmen. Previous studies have revealed different epidemiological patterns of various diseases and risk factors in these ethnic groups.12-14 The differences in cardiovascular risk factors include higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome,15 lower rate of obesity,16-19 and higher frequency of opium consumption in Turkmens compared to the other ethnicities.20 The exact reason for these differences is unknown; however, higher rural occupancy, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle variations are considered probable causes of inequality in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and severity.

Although previous studies have assessed the effect of different ethnicities on CABG outcomes, the association between Turkmen ethnicity and CABG outcomes is still unknown. Enhancing the current understanding of this association is essential to develop better treatment strategies in this region. Therefore, this study evaluated the association between Turkmen ethnicity and postoperative outcomes following coronary artery bypass in northeastern Iran.

Materials and Methods

Study Design, Setting, and Population

In this retrospective cohort study (REC ID IR.GOUMS.REC.1395.137), we used the data on patients undergoing CABG surgery between 2007 and 2016 in the Golestan province (northeastern Iran). Data related to two heart centers were acquired, including the Kordkuy heart center, affiliated with Golestan University of Medical Sciences (Gorgan, Iran), and Shafa Heart subspecialty hospital, the only centers providing heart surgeries to patients throughout the province.21 These centers utilize similar surgical techniques, pre-, peri-, and post-operative care for CABG patients. Therefore, patients older than 18 undergoing isolated on-pump CABG surgeries with distinguished ethnicity and outcome status were included in the analysis.

Operative Procedure

CABG surgeries were conducted for all patients according to the latest guidelines. After administering general anesthesia, a median sternotomy was performed, and the aorta and right atrium were cannulated to establish a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). A cardioplegic arrest was conducted utilizing St. Thomas crystalloid cardioplegic solution, and revascularization was performed during aortic cross-clamp.22,23 After the distal coronary anastomoses were completed, the aortic cross-clamp was removed, the heart was re-perfused, and the proximal anastomoses were completed using a partial occlusion clamp.23 Bypass vessels commonly used were the left internal thoracic artery and the greater saphenous vein.24

Variables and Measurement

Study variables were demographics, medical history, comorbidities, lipid profiles, preoperative drugs, and preoperative and operative characteristics. Ethnicity and individual habits, including opium consumption and smoking, were self-reported variables. We classified ethnicity in the Golestan province into two categories: Turkmen and non-Turkmen, representing the main ethnic groups residing in the area. Obesity was defined as BMI equal to 30 and above, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).25

The study outcomes were in-hospital major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) (i.e. MI, stroke, and cardiovascular death), postoperative arrhythmia, acute atrial fibrillation (AF), major bleeding, and acute renal failure (ARF). Further analysis regarding MACCE components is reported in Supplementary file 1.

• Myocardial infarction (MI) was established based on clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischemia, detection of an increase in cardiac troponin levels with at least one value over the 99th percentile upper limit, and at least one of the following: (1) Clinical symptoms of myocardial ischemia; (2) New ECG ischemia anomalies; (3) Formation of pathologic Q waves.26
• Stroke was diagnosed after imaging revealed the presence of a new focal neurological deficit lasting more than a day.27
• The attending cardiologists analyzed electrocardiograms to identify AF and arrhythmias following the operations.
• Major postoperative bleeding was considered as significant blood loss necessitating a second procedure.28
• ARF was diagnosed when there was a rise in plasma creatinine level of at least 0.3 mg/dL.29,30

Statistical Analysis

First, the patients’ characteristics were compared based on their ethnicity. The normality assumption for continuous variables was evaluated graphically and statistically using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous variables were reported as mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) and compared using the independent sample t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were compared and reported as numbers and percentages using chi-square test. The association between Turkmen ethnicity and postoperative outcomes was determined using univariable logistic regression. We utilized the change-in-estimate (CIE) criterion with a 10% cutoff to identify potential confounding variables. Using multivariable logistic regression, we adjusted this association for potential confounding variables in accordance with the CIE. With a 95% confidence interval (CI), crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were reported. The STATA/IC statistical software version 14.2 (StataCorp LP College Station, TX, USA) was used for data analysis.

Results

Between 2007 and 2016, we included 3,632 patients with an average (SD) age of 59.0 (9.8) (Figure 1). In this study, 3331 patients were of non-Turkmen ethnicity, and 301 patients were Turkmen (Table 1).

Figure 1.

Study Population Diagram

Table 1. Patients` Characteristics across the Ethnic Groups at Baseline .

The patients` characteristics across the ethnic groups at baseline are presented in Table 1. The mean age of patients, of Turkmen ethnicity or otherwise, was similar (P = 0.922). In both groups, the proportion of men was more than 60%. The proportion of obesity, opium consumption, smoking, family history of CVDs, previous MI, coexisting diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), preoperative drugs such as β-blockers, statins and aspirin, three-vessel disease, emergency CABG, left internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft and more than three grafts, CPB and clamp time were not different between the two groups. Despite no significant difference in lipid profiles between the two study groups, the low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels exceeded the normal ranges in both groups. However, the proportion of hyperlipidemia (P = 0.015), low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ( ≤ 40%) (P = 0.002), and left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis (P = 0.020) was higher among the patients with Turkmen ethnicity compared to non-Turkmen ethnicity (Table 1).

Figure 2 shows the postoperative outcomes by ethnic groups. It represents a significant difference regarding postoperative arrhythmia (P = 0.001) and ARF between the two ethnic groups (P = 0.005).

Figure 2.

Postoperative Outcomes by Ethnic Groups.MACCEs, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (i.e., MI, stroke, and cardiovascular death); Post-op, Postoperative; AF, Atrial fibrillation; ARF, Acute renal failure; P, Probability value.*Statistically significant (P value less than 0.05).

Table 2 displays the in-hospital outcomes between the two ethnic groups, and crude and adjusted analysis results are also shown. In-hospital MACCEs were not different between the two groups (4% in non-Turkmen and 4.3% in the Turkmen ethnic group). Crude analysis indicated no association between ethnicity and in-hospital MACCEs (crude OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.60, 1.91; P = 0.823). Following adjustments by potential confounders, Turkmen ethnicity was not associated with major adverse events after CABG surgery (adjusted OR: 1.15, 95 % CI: 0.61, 2.16; P = 0.663) (Table 2).

Table 2. In-hospital Outcomes between Turkmen and Non-Turkmen Ethnic Groups Undergoing CABG Surgery .

The proportion of postoperative arrhythmia was higher among patients with Turkmen ethnicity compared to non-Turkmen patients (49.8% vs. 40%, respectively). Crude analysis indicated that Turkmen ethnicity was significantly associated with arrhythmia (crude OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.86; _P_= 0.001). In contrast, no association was found between ethnicity and postoperative arrhythmia after adjustment for potential confounders (adjusted OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 0.78, 1.54; P = 0.588) (Table 2). Even though Turkmen patients had a slightly higher percentage of acute AF compared to non-Turkmen patients (10% vs. 8%, respectively), the difference was not statistically significant (crude OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 0.85, 1.88; P = 0.246) and adjusted OR indicated no association (adjusted OR: 1.17, 95 % CI: 0.83, 1.66; P = 0.359) (Table 2). In addition, Turkmen and non-Turkmen patients experienced a similar proportion of major bleeding (3% in the two ethnic groups). According to crude analysis, there was no association between Turkmen ethnicity and major postoperative bleeding (crude OR: 0.96, 95 % CI: 0.49, 1.85; P = 0.906), and Turkmen ethnicity did not have any association with major bleeding (adjusted OR: 1.21, 95 % CI: 0.55, 2.67; P = 0.636). Although the ethnic group was associated with ARF in the univariable analysis (crude OR: 3.74, 95 % CI: 1.50, 9.50; P = 0.005), it was not a risk factor for ARF after adjustment for CPB and clamp time (adjusted OR: 2.60, 95% CI: 0.60,11.75, P = 0.224).

Besides the variations in study settings and populations between the available literature, the definition of in-hospital MACEs differed between studies. Although we considered three components of MI, stroke, and cardiovascular death as in-hospital MACCEs, like most previous studies (Table 2), we assessed ARF as an additional component of in-hospital MACCEs (Supplementary file 1, Table S1). Therefore, there was no association between Turkmen ethnicity and in-hospital adverse events following CABG surgery, even after adding ARF as one of the MACCE components.

Discussion

Our retrospective cohort study compared 3331 non-Turkmen and 301 Turkmen patients undergoing CABG surgery. In both groups, most patients were under 65 years and were predominantly male. The history of hyperlipidemia was more common in Turkmen patients, but the history of DM, hypertension, and COPD was not significantly different between the two groups. Regarding the preoperative clinical characteristics, LMCA stenosis and lower LVEF were more prevalent among Turkmen patients. However, Turkmen ethnicity was not detected as a risk factor for in-hospital major adverse outcomes.

Few studies have focused on the effect of Turkmen ethnicity on CVD risk factors and outcomes. In this regard, according to a study by Khoddam et al,20 Turkmen ethnicities are more likely to be uneducated, unemployed, and have lower income than non-Turkmen patients. These characteristics mirror their socioeconomic status and determine their sustainability for CVD. However, in their study, Turkmen ethnicity was not significantly associated with hypertension, physical activity level, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. In contrast, in our study, hyperlipidemia was more common among Turkmen patients. This inconsistency was probably due to the difference in the study population. As shown by Malekzadeh et al,31 lower wealth scores and socioeconomic status can lead to poorer knowledge of diseases, which may contribute to the disease occurrence.

Our study revealed that more Turkmen patients had an LVEF less than 40% compared to non-Turkmen patients; also, LMCA stenosis was more common among these patients. This difference can result from a lower socioeconomic status, leading to worse and more difficult contact with health services, presenting with more severe and chronic diseases. Such a disparity was reported by Graham et al in the United States among Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White patients suffering from acute MI.32 They reported that, on average, it takes longer for Black and Hispanic patients to receive surgical or medical treatments for MI. In this regard, Li et al assessed 207,570 patients admitted for acute MI in Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2006. They found that while 9.1% of Whites received CABG surgery within three months after MI, only 5.8% of Blacks underwent CABG within the same duration. This racial disparity was also reported in the PCI rates following MI (Whites vs. Blacks: 15.4% vs. 14.1%); the difference was more significant in counties with lower MI admission capacity.33

Barnhart et al investigated the data of 12 555 MI patients hospitalized in New York City in 1996. They reported a significant difference among Whites, Hispanics, and Blacks regarding the baseline characteristics, medical history, and the chance of receiving PCI or CABG. However, the adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality were not significantly different when comparing Blacks or Hispanics with Whites. Although Blacks were less likely to receive revascularization, those who underwent PCI or CABG procedures had the same in-hospital outcome as Whites.34

In our study, in-hospital adverse events following CABG surgery were reported in 4.3% and 4% of Turkmen and non-Turkmen patients, respectively. While it was thought that the ethnic disparity could affect the CABG outcome, our study showed that after adjusting for potential confounders, Turkmen ethnicity did not have any association with in-hospital MACCEs. Although postoperative arrhythmia and ARF were more common among Turkmen patients, our adjusted analyses showed no significant difference after confounder modification. Also, we detected no association between Turkmen ethnicity and postoperative acute AF or major bleeding.

Although some researchers have studied CVD risk factors among Turkmen,35,36 no previous study has focused on the effect of Turkmen ethnicity on the outcomes of the CABG surgery. The northeastern region of Iran is notable for its large population of Turkmen ethnic groups.37-40 Understanding the underlying cause of ethnic disparities in this region requires a great effort to investigate patient characteristics, education, genetic predispositions, cultural norms, and the healthcare system. There is no easy way to study the interaction between these factors. Our study showed that surgical care for coronary artery disease is benefiting both Turkmen and non-Turkmen patients in northeastern Iran; however, the disparities will persist. We encourage future studies to focus on finding these differences and help further reduce them.

In this large-scale study in northeastern Iran, in-hospital adverse events were evaluated among Turkmen ethnicity for the first time. Our study had some limitations. Because Turkmen and Fars ethnicities are the main ethnic groups, we could not compare our study results with other ethnicities in Iran. On the other hand, we only evaluated in-hospital outcomes. Therefore, additional longitudinal studies are needed to assess the adverse events following CABG between Turkmen and Non-Turkmen ethnicities.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first study in northeastern Iran to focus on the association between Turkmen ethnicity and in-hospital outcomes among patients undergoing CABG surgery. Turkmens undergoing CABG surgery were more likely to have hyperlipidemia and an LVEF less than 40%. Also, a higher percentage of Turkmens had LMCA stenosis post-surgery angiography. Despite the ethnic disparity and preoperative differences among the two ethnic groups, Turkmen ethnicity was not associated with in-hospital major adverse events, postoperative arrhythmia, acute AF, major bleeding, or ARF following on-pomp isolated CABG surgery.

Supplementary Files

Supplementary file 1 contains Table S1.

Acknowledgments

This article utilized the dataset41 gathered during the study and obtained funding from the Student Research Committee of the Iranian Ministry of Health. The authors thank the Student Research Committee and the Research and Technology Deputy of Golestan University of Medical Sciences (Gorgan, Iran) for facilitating the research.

Cite this article as: Nomali M, Ayati A, Tayebi A, Moghaddam K, Mosallami S, Riahinokandeh G, et al. Ethnic disparities in major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) and postoperative outcomes following coronary artery bypass in Northeastern Iran (2007–2016). Arch Iran Med. 2023;26(10):554-560. doi: 10.34172/aim.2023.81

Footnotes

Competing Interests

All authors declare that there were no competing interests.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets regarding this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Ethical Approval

This study received approval from the institutional review board (IRB) of Golestan University of Medical Sciences (GOUMS) (approval ID. 950505.06) and the research ethics committee (REC (approval ID. IR.GOUMS.REC.1395.137) in 2016.

Funding

This study received a grant from the National Student Research Committee of the Iranian Ministry of Health, which was allocated to the researchers by the Research and Technology Deputy of Golestan University of Medical Sciences.

References

• 1.Mumtaz ZA, Sagar P, Rajendran M, Sivakumar K. Transcatheter versus surgical closure of acute ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysms with associated ventricular septal defects. Pediatr Cardiol. 2022;43(7):1494–501. doi: 10.1007/s00246-022-02873-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 2.Habib RH, Dimitrova KR, Badour SA, Yammine MB, El-Hage-Sleiman AK, Hoffman DM, et al. CABG versus PCI: greater benefit in long-term outcomes with multiple arterial bypass grafting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(13):1417–27. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.060. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 3.Anand S, Bradshaw C, Prabhakaran D. Prevention and management of CVD in LMICs: why do ethnicity, culture, and context matter? BMC Med. 2020;18(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s12916-019-1480-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 4.Prabhakaran D, Anand S, Watkins D, Gaziano T, Wu Y, Mbanya JC, et al. Cardiovascular, respiratory, and related disorders: key messages from Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition. Lancet. 2018;391(10126):1224–36. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32471-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 5.Dalton AR, Bottle A, Soljak M, Majeed A, Millett C. Ethnic group differences in cardiovascular risk assessment scores: national cross-sectional study. Ethn Health. 2014;19(4):367–84. doi: 10.1080/13557858.2013.797568. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 6.Basiri A, Eshrati B, Zarehoroki A, Golshan S, Shakhssalim N, Khoshdel A, et al. Incidence, Gleason score and ethnicity pattern of prostate cancer in the multi-ethnicity country of Iran during 2008-2010. Urol J. 2020;17(6):602–6. doi: 10.22037/uj.v0i0.5618. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 7.Abbasi SH, Sundin Ö, Jalali A, Soares J, Macassa G. Ethnic differences in the risk factors and severity of coronary artery disease: a patient-based study in Iran. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2018;5(3):623–31. doi: 10.1007/s40615-017-0408-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 8.Turk-Adawi K, Sarrafzadegan N, Fadhil I, Taubert K, Sadeghi M, Wenger NK, et al. Cardiovascular disease in the Eastern Mediterranean region: epidemiology and risk factor burden. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15(2):106–19. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.138. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 9.Ghajarieh Sepanlou S, Malekzadeh R, Poustchi H, Sharafkhah M, Ghodsi S, Malekzadeh F, et al. The clinical performance of an office-based risk scoring system for fatal cardiovascular diseases in north-east of Iran. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0126779. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126779. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 10.Alwan A. The United Nations political declaration on noncommunicable diseases: are countries of the Eastern Mediterranean region ready to respond? East Mediterr Health J. 2013;19(9):757–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 11.Khorrami Z, Rezapour M, Etemad K, Yarahmadi S, Khodakarim S, Mahdavi Hezaveh A, et al. The patterns of non-communicable disease multimorbidity in Iran: a multilevel analysis. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3034. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59668-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 12.Marjani HA, Biramijamal F, Hossein-Nezhad A, Islami F, Pourshmas A, Semnani S. Prevalence of esophageal cancer risk factors among Turkmen and non-Turkmen ethnic groups in a high incidence area in Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2010;13(2):111–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 13.Taheri NS, Bakhshandehnosrat S, Naeimi Tabiei M, Kashani E, Rajaei S, Besharat S, et al. Epidemiological pattern of breast cancer in Iranian women: is there an ethnic disparity? Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(9):4517–20. doi: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.9.4517. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 14.Fattahi Z, Beheshtian M, Mohseni M, Poustchi H, Sellars E, Nezhadi SH, et al. Iranome: a catalog of genomic variations in the Iranian population. Hum Mutat. 2019;40(11):1968–84. doi: 10.1002/humu.23880. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 15.Shahini N, Shahini I, Marjani A. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Turkmen ethnic groups in Gorgan. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7(9):1849–51. doi: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/6035.3331. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 16.Veghari G, Golalipour MJ. The comparison of nutritional status between Turkman and non-Turkman ethnic groups in north of Iran. J Appl Sci. 2007;7(18):2635–40. doi: 10.3923/jas.2007.2635.2640. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
• 17.Veghari G, Sedaghat M, Maghsodlo S, Banihashem S, Moharloei P, Angizeh A, et al. Differences in the prevalence of obesity among Fars-native, Turkman, and Sisstanish ethnic groups in Iranian northern adults in 2010. Int Cardiovasc Res J. 2013;7(2):56–61. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 18.Islami F, Fazeltabar Malekshah A, Kimiagar M, Pourshams A, Wakefield J, Goglani G, et al. Patterns of food and nutrient consumption in northern Iran, a high-risk area for esophageal cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2009;61(4):475–83. doi: 10.1080/01635580902803735. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 19.Jafari E, Sebghatollahi V, Kolahdoozan S, Elahi E, Pourshams A. Body mass index and ABO blood groups among different ethnicities of the Golestan Cohort Study subjects. Govaresh. 2012;17(1):50–4. [Google Scholar]
• 20.Khoddam H, Alemi Z, Modanloo M. Comparison of prevalence and risk factors of acute coronary syndrome in patients with different ethnicity: a cross-sectional study. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2021;31(5):1011–8. doi: 10.4314/ejhs.v31i5.13. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 21.Nomali M, Ayati A, Tayebi A, Heidari ME, Moghaddam K, Mosallami S, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and in-hospital major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) and postoperative complications among patients undergoing on-pump isolated coronary artery bypass surgery in northeastern Iran. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2023;23(1):130. doi: 10.1186/s12872-023-03163-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 22.Abramov D, Tamariz MG, Fremes SE, Guru V, Borger MA, Christakis GT, et al. Trends in coronary artery bypass surgery results: a recent, 9-year study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;70(1):84–90. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(00)01249-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 1. Cohn L. Cardiac Surgery in the Adult. McGraw-Hill Education; 2017.
• 24.Alexander JH, Smith PK. Coronary-artery bypass grafting. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(20):1954–64. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1406944. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 1. About Adult BMI. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/index.html. Accessed April 2022.
• 26.Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018) Circulation. 2018;138(20):e618–e51. doi: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 27.Chandrasekhar J, Marley P, Allada C, McGill D, O’Connor S, Rahman M, et al. Symptom-to-balloon time is a strong predictor of adverse events following primary percutaneous coronary intervention: results from the Australian Capital Territory PCI Registry. Heart Lung Circ. 2017;26(1):41–8. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.05.114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 28.Hansson EC, Jidéus L, Åberg B, Bjursten H, Dreifaldt M, Holmgren A, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting-related bleeding complications in patients treated with ticagrelor or clopidogrel: a nationwide study. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(2):189–97. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv381. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 29.Benedetto U, Angeloni E, Luciani R, Refice S, Stefanelli M, Comito C, et al. Acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass grafting: does rhabdomyolysis play a role? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;140(2):464–70. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.03.028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 30.Chang TI, Leong TK, Boothroyd DB, Hlatky MA, Go AS. Acute kidney injury after CABG versus PCI: an observational study using 2 cohorts. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(10):985–94. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.077. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 31.Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, et al. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens. 2013;31(7):1364–71. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283613053. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 32.Graham G. Racial and ethnic differences in acute coronary syndrome and myocardial infarction within the United States: from demographics to outcomes. Clin Cardiol. 2016;39(5):299–306. doi: 10.1002/clc.22524. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 33.Li S, Chen A, Mead K. Racial disparities in the use of cardiac revascularization: does local hospital capacity matter? PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e69855. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069855. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 34.Barnhart JM, Fang J, Alderman MH. Differential use of coronary revascularization and hospital mortality following acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(4):461–6. doi: 10.1001/archinte.163.4.461. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 35.Shahbazi Sighaldeh S, Zarghami F, Charkazi A, Negarandeh R. A qualitative study of factors influencing the onset of hookah smoking among Iranian men with Turkmen ethnicity. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;10(2):135–42. doi: 10.2991/jegh.k.191206.001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 36.Ahmadi B, Alimohammadian M, Yaseri M, Majidi A, Boreiri M, Islami F, et al. Multimorbidity: epidemiology and risk factors in the Golestan Cohort Study, Iran: a cross-sectional analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95(7):e2756. doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000002756. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 37.Akbari MR, Malekzadeh R, Nasrollahzadeh D, Amanian D, Sun P, Islami F, et al. Familial risks of esophageal cancer among the Turkmen population of the Caspian littoral of Iran. Int J Cancer. 2006;119(5):1047–51. doi: 10.1002/ijc.21906. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 38.Rey D, Amirzargar A, Areces C, Enríquez-de-Salamanca M, Marco J, Abd-El-Fatah-Khalil S, et al. Gorgan (Turkmen in Iran) HLA genetics: transplantation, pharmacogenomics and anthropology. Immunol Invest. 2015;44(1):88–100. doi: 10.3109/08820139.2014.936938. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 39.Arnaiz-Villena A, Juarez I, Joshghan H, Lopez-Nares A, Rey D, Callado A, et al. Gorgan (Iran) population HLA genetics and anthropology. Hum Immunol. 2020;81(1):10–1. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.11.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 40.Eghtesad S, Mohammadi Z, Shayanrad A, Faramarzi E, Joukar F, Hamzeh B, et al. The PERSIAN cohort: providing the evidence needed for healthcare reform. Arch Iran Med. 2017;20(11):691–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 41.Nomali M, Heidari ME, Ayati A, Moghaddam K, Mosallami S, Khosravi A, et al. Risk factors of in-hospital mortality for isolated on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the northeast of Iran from 2007 to 2016. Ir J Med Sci. 2023;192(6):3029–37. doi: 10.1007/s11845-023-03298-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary file 1 contains Table S1.