The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary (original) (raw)

The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

Biographical Dictionary John XXII (1316-1334) Consistory of December 20, 1331 (VI) Celebrated in Avignon

(28) 1. BERTRAND, seniore, Pierre (1280-1349)

Birth. March 1280, Annonay, Vivarais, France. Son of a physician originally from Aurillac. Uncle of Cardinal Pierre Bertrand, iuniore (1344). His last name is also listed as Bertrandi and as Bertrandus.

Education. Studied in Avignon; later, obtained a doctorate in philosophy and another one in law at the University of Montpellier in 1301.

Early life. Canon of the cathedral chapter of Le Puy in 1296. Professor of law at the University of Avignon; at the University of Montpelier; and finally, at the University of Orléans. Dean of Notre-Dame du Puy in 1314. He established himself in Paris and worked as a defender and as clerk counselor at the royal court of France. Chancellor of Queen Jeanne de Bourgogne. Archdeacon of Billom, diocese of Clermont.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Nevers, January 28, 1320. Consecrated (no information found). Transferred to the see of Autun, May 19, 1322. In 1326, he successfully pleaded before the king of France the privileges of the clergy concerning the administration of justice. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Bourges in 1330; he declined the promotion. Legate to reconcile Louis IV von Bavaria and Friedrich von Austria.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest of S. Clemente in the consistory of December 20, 1331; he entered the papal curia in Avignon in March 1332. Legate to preach a crusade. Participated in the conclave of 1334, which elected Pope Benedict XII. Legate to Italy, Paris and Brugge; returned to the curia from his legation to participate in the conclave; after the election, went back to Flanders, which he had completely pacified. Dean of Notre-Dame du Puy on June 18, 1340. Participated in the conclave of 1342, which elected Pope Clement VI. He founded in Paris in 1343 Collège d'Autun, also called of Cardinal Bertrand. Founded in 1347, in Annonay, Hôpital de Notre-Dame la Belle and convent of Clarisse nuns. Cardinal protoprete in November 1348. Founded the church of Pujaut. He wrote several works in law.

Death. June 23, 1349, at the priorate of Montaud (or Montaut), on the right bank of the Rhône river, near Avignon. Buried in the priorate of Montaud, which he had founded in 1340.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, II, 136-138; Chacón, Alfonso. **Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max.**2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. ; Du Chesne, François. Histoire de tous les cardinaux françois : de naissance, ou qui ont esté promeus au cardinalat par l'expresse recommandation de nos roys, pour les grands services qu'ils ont rendus a leur estat, et a leur couronne. Comprenant commairement leurs legations, ambassades & voyages par eux faits en divers pays & royaumes, vers les papes, empereurs, roys, potentats, republiques, communautex & universitez, pour affaires importantes à l'église universelle, & à l'auguste majesté de nos souuerains. Enrichie de leurs armes et de leurs portraits. Divisée en deux tomes, et justifiée par tiltres et chartres du thresor de sa majesté, arrests des parlemens de France, registres des Chambres des comptes; donations, fondations, epitaphes, testamens, manuscripts, ancients monumens, chroniques & chartulaires d'abbayes, & autres histoires publiques & particlieres. 2 vols. A Paris : Aux despens de l'autheur, & se vendent chez luy ..., 1660, II, 480-484; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1930, p. 146; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, pp. ; Fisquet, Honoré. La France pontificale (Gallia christiana), histoire chronologique et biographique des archevêques et évêques de tous les diocèses de France depuis l'établissement du christianisme jusqu'à nos jours, divisée en 17 provinces ecclésiastique. 22 vol. Paris : E. Repos, 1864-1873, XII, 48-50.

Webgraphy. Biography by Joseph Sollier, in English, The Catholic Encyclopedia; his engraving and biography in Histoire de tous les cardinaux françois de naissance, ou qui ont esté promeus au cardinalat. [Volume 1] / by François Duchesne (1616-1693). Auteur du texte, in French, p. 480-484, Gallica; biography in La France pontificale (Gallia christiana), histoire chronologique et biographique des archevêques et évêques de tous les diocèses de France depuis l'établissement du christianisme jusqu'à nos jours, divisée en 17 provinces ecclésiastique. Sensby par M. Honoré Fisquet (1818-1883). Auteur du texte, in French, p. 48-50, Gallica; biography, in English, Wikipedia; his engraving, Araldica Vaticana.

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ALBERT, O. de M., Ramón (1276-1330)

Birth. 1276, Barcelona. Of the a noble family of the counts of Rosselló. His first name is also listed as Raimondo; as Raimundo; and as Raymond; and his last name as Alberto Gotolano; and as Albert Gottolan.

Education. Entered the Order of Our Lady of Mercy (Mercedarians) in 1298; obtained a doctorate in canon law.

Priesthood. Ordained (no further information found). Prior in 1307. In September of 1301, he was member of the group that separated, choosing a rival general master of the elect one in that date, Pedro Formica; at the death of Formica, he was chosen in March 1302 as head of the rival group; his appointment as general prior took place in February 1308, and was as a result of the by arbitrated solution imposed by Pope Clement V; the conflict was between the ones who tried to maintain the order as a lay congregation (with priests, but non-religious) and those who, as Albert, wanted to turn it into a religious order; this solution prevailed, because in the general chapter of 1317, Pope John XXII confirmed Albert as 8th master general of the order on July 12, 1317; in the Constitutions of 1327 (Albertine constitutions), he was able to imposed his criterion. He attended the Council of Vienne in 1311. Ambassador before the pope and King Roberto of Naples. He gave special attention to the Jews and visited Africa four times to redeem captives. He reformed the order's liturgical books. Counselor of Jaume II of Cataluña-Aragón.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal at an unknown date; his title or deaconry are also not known (1).

Death. November 18, 1330, Valencia. Buried in Valencia in an unknown church; Minister General Berenguer Cantull had the remains transferred to the church of Santa María del Puig in Valencia; his tumb was destroyed in 1936 by the revolutionaries in the Spanish Civil War; The monastery, founded by King Jaime I is still open and entrusted to the Mercedarians.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, II, 138-139; Chacón, Alfonso. **Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max.**2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. 434-435; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1930, p. 146-147; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, p. 16; Penedo, M. "Albert, Raimundo." Diccionario de historia eclesiástica de España. 4 vols and Supplement. Dirigido por Quintín Aldea Vaquero, Tomás Marín Martínez, José Vives Gatell. Madrid : Instituto Enrique Flórez, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1972-1975; Suplemento (1987), I, 33.

Webgraphy. Biography by Joaquín Millán Rubio, O. de M., in Spanish, DB~e, Diccionario Biográfico Español; biographical entry, in English, Enciclopèdia Catalana.

(1) This is according to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930, p. 146; Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, p. 16, doubts that he was ever promoted to the cardinalate.

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TRIE, Guillaume de (?-1334)

Birth. (No date or place found), France. Of the royal family (?). Son of Thibaud de Trie, seigneur of Vaumain, and Jeanne de Hodenc. His brother, Matthieu de Trie, was marshal of France. Maternal uncle of King Philippe VI Valois of France (?).

Education. (No information found).

Early life. Archdeacon of Normandy, archdiocese of Rouen. Preceptor of his nephew, the future king. In 1309, Philippe asked the pope to name his preceptor bishop of Cambrai, but when the request arrived, the pontiff had already filled the vacancy.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Bayeux, April 12, 1312; confirmed on December 3, 1312. Consecrated (no information found). In 1313, he attended the dedication of the collegiate church of Écoïs, founded by Superintendant Enguerrand de Marigny. He participated in the council of Senlis ordered by King Louis X, which opened on August 6, 1315 and lasted until March 26, 1316, to try Pierre de Latilly, bishop of Chàlons-sur-Marne.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal in 1316 (1). In 1317, he held a diocesan synod where he published the statutes; one of them, ordered to celebrate the Feast of the Eucharist, definitively established in the diocese of Bayeux at that time; and another, ordered the curates to celebrate the Mass, according to custom, on the first of each month. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Reims, March 28, 1324; took possession in June 1324. Pair of France. On June 27, 1325, at the request of Jean, abbot of Saint-Remi, he transferred the relics of Saint-Gibrian to a richer urn. In 1326, he received the Carmelites in the archdiocese of Reims. He celebrated a provincial council in Senlis in 1326, which published statutes relative to the ecclesiastical discipline. On April, 1328, in the metropolitan cathedral of Reims, he consecrated King Philippe VI le Bel Valois of France and his queen. On September 9, 1329, he presided over a provincial council in Compiègne, which also published disciplinary canons. On December 5, 1331, he approved the establishment of the confraternity of Saint-Gibrian in the church of Saint-Remi. As pair of France, in 1332, he took part in the trial of against Robert, count Beaumont-le-Roger, who contested his aunt Mahaud the county of Artois. He was a zealous defender of the archiepiscopal right against the cathedral chapter.

Death. Monday September 26, 1334, Reims. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Reims.

Bibliography. Anselme de Sainte-Marie ; Dufourny, Honoré Caille ; Ange de Sainte-Rosalie ; Simplicien. Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France, des pairs, grands officiers de la couronne & de la maison du roy: & des anciens barons du royaume: avec les qualitez, l'origine, le progres & les armes de leurs familles; ensemble des statuts & le catalogue des chevaliers, cammandeurs, & officiers de l'ordre du S. Esprit. Le tout dresse sur titres originaux, sur les registres des chartes du roy, du parlement, de la chambre des comptes & du chatelet des Paris ... & d'autres cabinets curieux. 9 vols. Paris : La Compagnie des libraires, 3. éd., rev., corrigée & augmentée par les soins du P. Ange & du P. Simplicien, 1726-1733, II, 10; Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, II, 140; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. 435-436; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1930, p. 147; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, pp. 16; Fisquet, Honoré. La France pontificale (Gallia christiana), histoire chronologique et biographique des archevêques et évêques de tous les diocèses de France depuis l'établissement du christianisme jusqu'à nos jours, divisée en 17 provinces ecclésiastique. 22 vol. Paris : E. Repos, II, 1864-1873, 54-56.

Webgraphy. Biography in La France pontificale (Gallia christiana), histoire chronologique et biographique des archevêques et évêques de tous les diocèses de France depuis l'établissement du christianisme jusqu'à nos jours, divisée en 17 provinces ecclésiastique. Rouen/ by M. Honoré Fisquet (1818-1883). Auteur du texte, in French, p. 54-56, Gallica; biography in Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France, des pairs, grands officiers de la Couronne, de la Maison du Roy et des anciens barons du royaume.... Tome 2 / par le P. Anselme de Sainte-Marie (1625-1694 ; augustin); continuée par M. Du Fourny. Auteur du texte, in French, p. 10, Gallica.

(1) This is according to Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, col. 435, who lists him among the cardinals created by Pope John XXII; Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, II, 140, says that he was a cardinal, acknowledging that several authors denied that the promotion ever took place; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930, p. 147, says that he should be eliminated from the list of cardinals included by authors by error; Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, II, doubts that he was ever promoted to the cardinalate; his first biography in French, linked above, expressly denies that he was created cardinal; the second biography in French, also linked above, does not mention anything about the promotion.

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AURIOL, O.F.M., Pierre-Bernard (ca. 1275/1280-1322)

Birth. Ca. 1275/1280, Gourdon, near the city of Cahors, France. His last name is also listed as Oriol; as Aureolo; as Auriole; as Aureol; and as Aureoli. He was called doctor facundus by his contemporaries. In his youth, he was a condisciple of future Pope John XXII.

Education. Entered the Order of the Friars Minor (Franciscans) in the province of Aquitaine. In 1305, he began his studies at the University of Paris, probably under Jean Duns Scot; maître of theology in Paris in 1318.

Priesthood. Ordained (no further information found). Lector at the Franciscan studium of Bologna, in 1312; at the studium of Toulouse in 1314; and later, in 1316, lector of Sentences in Paris. Provincial minister of Aquitaine in 1320.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Aix, February 27, 1321. Consecrated, June 13, 1321, by Pope John XXII; received the pallium on June 20 of that same year. He was a renowned theologian.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest of S. Pudenziana in 1327 (1).

Death. January 10, 1322 (2), Avignon. Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Albanès, Joseph Mathias Hyacinthe ; Chevalier, Ulysse. Gallia christiana novissima. Histoire des archevêchés, évêques et abbayes de France. 7 vols. 1895-1920, III. 869-875. Other Title : Gallia Christiana. Responsibility: D'après les documents authentiques recueillis dans les registres du Vatican et les archives locales. Complétée, annotée et publiée par le chanoine Ulysse Chevalier, I, col. 80-81; Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, II, 140-145; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. 436-437; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1930, p. 147; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, pp. 16 and 96.

Webgraphy. Biography, in French, Wikipédia; biography, in English, Franciscan Authors, 13th - 18th Century: A Catalogue in Progress, a co-production of Maarten van der Heijden and Bert Roest; biography, in English, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; biography in Gallia christiana novissima. Histoire des archevêchés, évêques et abbayes de France. AIX / d'après les documents authentiques recueillis dans les registres du Vatican et les archives locales par le chanoine J.-H. Albanès,... ; completée, annotée et publiée par le chanoine Ulysse Chevalier,... Joseph Hyacinthe Albanès (1822-1897). Auteur du texte, in French, col. 80-81, Gallica.

(1) This is according to Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, col. 436; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930, p. 147, says that he is listed as a cardinal erroneously and that he should be eliminated from the list of cardinals; Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, I, 16, says that he is msitaken with his predecessor in the see of Aix, Cardinal Pierre des Près, who was transferred from his title of S. Pudenziana to the suburbicarian see of Palestrina in 1323, after the death of Archbishop Auriol; none of the first five biographies, linked above, mention his promotion to the cardinalate; the sixth explicitly denies it, indicating that he was confused with Cardinal Pierre des Près. The only current mention of his promotion has been the presentation "Pierre Auriol : un cardinal médiéval peut-il être spinoziste ?" by Jacob Schmutz (Université Paris-IV Sorbonne), in the Séminaire semestriel "Les outsiders de la philosophie médiévale" organized by Ruedi Imbach in École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.
(2) This is according to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930, p. 147, which contradicts the date in which Chacón indicates that he was created cardinal; Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, col. 437, says that the date of his death if not known.

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PLESSIS-PASTÉ, Jean (?-1332)

Birth. (No date or place found), France. Son of Thomas Pasté.

Education. (No information found).

Early life. Counselor of the parliament of Paris from 1315. Canon of the cathedral chapter of Chartres; later, elected its dean; took possession, Friday November 7, 1320; took the oath before Bishop Robert de Joigny, Sunday May 27, 1324; he returned the seal of office to the chapter on Monday March 30, 1327, after his consecration as bishop of Arras. Archdeacon of Laon.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Arras, May 21, 1326. Consecrated (no information found). Transferred to the see of Arras, December 1326. Transferred to the see of Chartres, December 23, 1327; he promised to the Apostolic Chamber on February 23, 1328; took the oath of obedience to Archbishop Robert of Sens took possession of the see on October 4, 1329.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal in 1327 (1).

Death. March 30, 1332, Chartres (?). Buried in the choir of the church of Saint-Jean-en-Vallée.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, II, ; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. ?; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1930, p. 147; Eubel, Conradus andGulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, pp. 16, 115 and 167; Fisquet, Honoré. La France pontificale (Gallia christiana), histoire chronologique et biographique des archevêques et évêques de tous les diocèses de France depuis l'établissement du christianisme jusqu'à nos jours, divisée en 17 provinces ecclésiastique. 22 vol. Paris : E. Repos, 1864-1873, V, 61 and 130-131.

Webgraphy. Biographical entry in La France pontificale (Gallia christiana), histoire chronologique et biographique des archevêques et évêques de tous les diocèses de France depuis l'établissement du christianisme jusqu'à nos jours, divisée en 17 provinces ecclésiastique. Chartres / by M. Honoré Fisquet (1818-1883). Auteur du texte, in French, p. 61, under "Jean Pasté", Galiica; biography in La France pontificale (Gallia christiana), histoire chronologique et biographique des archevêques et évêques de tous les diocèses de France depuis l'établissement du christianisme jusqu'à nos jours, divisée en 17 provinces ecclésiastique. Chartres / by M. Honoré Fisquet (1818-1883). Auteur du texte, in French, p. 130-131, under "Jean Pasté". Gallica.

(1) This is according to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930, p. 147, citing Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm; it adds that Chacón confuses him with Cardinal Pierre des Chappes (1327), his predecessor in the sees of Arras and Chartres; Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, I, 16, says that he is confused with his predecessor in the see of Arras, Cardinal Jean Le Moine (1294). None of the biographies in French, linked above, mention his promotion to the cardinalate. It seems improbable that he was created cardinal in 1327, at the same time in which he was transferred to the see of Chartres to replace Pierre de Chappes, who had ceased as bishop of that see because of his promotion to the cardinalate.

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PRELATI, Pierre de (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found), France.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal perhaps in the consistory celebrated in 1317 (1).

Death. (No information found). Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, II, 139-140; Chacón, Alfonso. **Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max.**2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. 415; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1930, p. 147; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, p. 16.

(1) This is according to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930, p. 147, which includes him among a group of four cardinals, mentioned by several authors, but whose date of creation is not known; Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, II, 140, says that he is not mentioned in the book of the Sacred College of Cardinals; Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, col. 435, includes him among the cardinals created by Pope John XXII in 1317 but says that he is not mentioned in the book of the Sacred College of Cardinals; Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, I, 16, doubts that he was promoted.

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EBRARD DE SAINT-SULPICE, Michel (?-?)

Birth. (No date or placed found), France. Of an illustrious family.

Education. (No information found)

Cardinalate. The date he was created is unknown, as is his title or deaconry (1).

Death. (No information found). Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, II, 140; Chacón, Alfonso. **Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max.**2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. 436; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1930, p. 147; "Essai de liste g&énérale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930, p. 147; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, p. 16.

(1) This is according to Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, col. 436; Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, II, 140, says that some sources deny that he was ever promoted to the cardinalate; Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, I, 16, doubts that he was promoted; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930, p. 147, includes him among a group of four cardinals, mentioned by some authors, but whose date of creation is not known.

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PASQUALI, Girolamo (?-?)

Birth. (No date found), Siena. Of a noble family. His first name is also listed as Jerôme.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal in a consistory of 1331; he died without knowing his promotion (1).

Death. (No information found). Buried (no information found). He is listed as a blessed (2).

Bibliography. "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1930, p. 147.

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GALVAN, Jean (?-1341)

Birth. (No date or place found), France. He is also listed as Giovanni Gallicano and as Ioannem Gallicanum. His last name is also listed as Galvani and as Galvanus.

Education. Obtained a degree in utroque iure, both canon and civil law.

Early life. Professor of canon and civil law. Subdeacon of Orléans.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in 1327 (1).

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Arras, February 28, 1344 (2). Consecrated (no information found).

Death. 1341 (3), (no place found). Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, II, 145; Chacón, Alfonso. **Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max.**2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. 437; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, p. 116.

(1) This is according to Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, 437; and Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, II, 145, who adds that some sources indicate that he was created cardinal by Pope Benedict XII in 1337; Cardella also says that some authors indicate that he should be excluded from the list of cardinals because there is no proof that he was ever promoted to the cardinalate.
(2) This is according to Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, I, 116; Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, 437, indicates that he was created cardinal in 1327 when he was bishop of Arras, which seems to be an impossibility given the dates mentioned.
(3) This is according to Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, 437; and Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, II, 145; Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, indicates that his successor, Aimeric de Beaufort, was named on June 13, 1348, after thie death of Bishop Galvan.

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AVINYÒ, Raimond d', (?-1327)

Birth. (No date or place found).

Education. (No information found).

Early life. Abbot of Montearagón.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Lérida in 1324; he took the oath of canonical obedience before the archbishop of Tarragona, "super altare Sanctæ Teclæ". Consecrated (no information found). In 1325 he celebrated a synod in Lérida on the exposition of the Christian doctrine. In 1327, in agreement with the provincial of the Augustinians, it was accorded the foundation of a convent next to the church of Santa Maria de l'Horta, of mozárabe tradition, in Lérida.

Cardinalate. Chacón mentioned, almost a century later, among the pseudocardinals supposedly created by Antipope Benedict XIII, a Ramón de Aviñón, who was abbot of Montearagón and bishop of Lérida, and who died in Avignon in August 1327. He could also be a quasi-cardinal created by Pope John XXII in the consistory of December of that year, although only his presence in Avignon seems to relate him with that.

Death. August 12, 1327, Avignon. Buried in the church of the Dominicans in Avignon.

Bibliography. Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. 747; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIVè siècle jusqu'au Grand Schisme". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1930. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1930, p. ; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, p. 16.

Webgraphy. Biography, in Catalonian, Bisbat de Lleida.