ClassLoader (Java 2 Platform SE 5.0) (original) (raw)

java.lang

Class ClassLoader

java.lang.Object java.lang.ClassLoader

Direct Known Subclasses:

SecureClassLoader

public abstract class ClassLoader

extends Object

A class loader is an object that is responsible for loading classes. The class ClassLoader is an abstract class. Given the binary name of a class, a class loader should attempt to locate or generate data that constitutes a definition for the class. A typical strategy is to transform the name into a file name and then read a "class file" of that name from a file system.

Every Class object contains a reference to the ClassLoader that defined it.

Class objects for array classes are not created by class loaders, but are created automatically as required by the Java runtime. The class loader for an array class, as returned by Class.getClassLoader() is the same as the class loader for its element type; if the element type is a primitive type, then the array class has no class loader.

Applications implement subclasses of ClassLoader in order to extend the manner in which the Java virtual machine dynamically loads classes.

Class loaders may typically be used by security managers to indicate security domains.

The ClassLoader class uses a delegation model to search for classes and resources. Each instance of ClassLoader has an associated parent class loader. When requested to find a class or resource, a ClassLoader instance will delegate the search for the class or resource to its parent class loader before attempting to find the class or resource itself. The virtual machine's built-in class loader, called the "bootstrap class loader", does not itself have a parent but may serve as the parent of a ClassLoader instance.

Normally, the Java virtual machine loads classes from the local file system in a platform-dependent manner. For example, on UNIX systems, the virtual machine loads classes from the directory defined by theCLASSPATH environment variable.

However, some classes may not originate from a file; they may originate from other sources, such as the network, or they could be constructed by an application. The method [defineClass](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#defineClass%28java.lang.String, byte[], int, int%29) converts an array of bytes into an instance of classClass. Instances of this newly defined class can be created usingClass.newInstance.

The methods and constructors of objects created by a class loader may reference other classes. To determine the class(es) referred to, the Java virtual machine invokes the loadClass method of the class loader that originally created the class.

For example, an application could create a network class loader to download class files from a server. Sample code might look like:

ClassLoader loader = new NetworkClassLoader(host, port); Object main = loader.loadClass("Main", true).newInstance();  . . .

The network class loader subclass must define the methods findClass and loadClassData to load a class from the network. Once it has downloaded the bytes that make up the class, it should use the method [defineClass](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#defineClass%28byte[], int, int%29) to create a class instance. A sample implementation is:

class NetworkClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
    String host;
    int port;

    public Class findClass(String name) {
        byte[] b = loadClassData(name);
        return defineClass(name, b, 0, b.length);
    }

    private byte[] loadClassData(String name) {
        // load the class data from the connection
         . . .
    }
}

Binary names

Any class name provided as a String parameter to methods inClassLoader must be a binary name as defined by the Java Language Specification.

Examples of valid class names include:

"java.lang.String" "javax.swing.JSpinner$DefaultEditor" "java.security.KeyStore$Builder$FileBuilder$1" "java.net.URLClassLoader$3$1"

Since:

1.0

See Also:

resolveClass(Class)

ClassLoader

protected ClassLoader(ClassLoader parent)

Creates a new class loader using the specified parent class loader for delegation.

If there is a security manager, its checkCreateClassLoader method is invoked. This may result in a security exception.

Parameters:

parent - The parent class loader

Throws:

[SecurityException](../../java/lang/SecurityException.html "class in java.lang") - If a security manager exists and itscheckCreateClassLoader method doesn't allow creation of a new class loader.

Since:

1.2

ClassLoader

protected ClassLoader()

Creates a new class loader using the ClassLoader returned by the method getSystemClassLoader() as the parent class loader.

If there is a security manager, its checkCreateClassLoader method is invoked. This may result in a security exception.

Throws:

[SecurityException](../../java/lang/SecurityException.html "class in java.lang") - If a security manager exists and itscheckCreateClassLoader method doesn't allow creation of a new class loader.

loadClass

public Class<?> loadClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException

Loads the class with the specified binary name. This method searches for classes in the same manner as the [loadClass(String, boolean)](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#loadClass%28java.lang.String, boolean%29) method. It is invoked by the Java virtual machine to resolve class references. Invoking this method is equivalent to invoking [loadClass(name, false)](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#loadClass%28java.lang.String, boolean%29).

Parameters:

name - The binary name of the class

Returns:

The resulting Class object

Throws:

[ClassNotFoundException](../../java/lang/ClassNotFoundException.html "class in java.lang") - If the class was not found

loadClass

protected Class<?> loadClass(String name, boolean resolve) throws ClassNotFoundException

Loads the class with the specified binary name. The default implementation of this method searches for classes in the following order:

1. Invoke findLoadedClass(String) to check if the class has already been loaded.
2. Invoke the loadClass method on the parent class loader. If the parent is null the class loader built-in to the virtual machine is used, instead.
3. Invoke the findClass(String) method to find the class.

If the class was found using the above steps, and theresolve flag is true, this method will then invoke the resolveClass(Class) method on the resulting Class object.

Subclasses of ClassLoader are encouraged to override findClass(String), rather than this method.

Parameters:

name - The binary name of the class

resolve - If true then resolve the class

Returns:

The resulting Class object

Throws:

[ClassNotFoundException](../../java/lang/ClassNotFoundException.html "class in java.lang") - If the class could not be found

findClass

protected Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException

Finds the class with the specified binary name. This method should be overridden by class loader implementations that follow the delegation model for loading classes, and will be invoked by the loadClass method after checking the parent class loader for the requested class. The default implementation throws a ClassNotFoundException.

Parameters:

name - The binary name of the class

Returns:

The resulting Class object

Throws:

[ClassNotFoundException](../../java/lang/ClassNotFoundException.html "class in java.lang") - If the class could not be found

Since:

1.2

defineClass

@Deprecated protected final Class<?> defineClass(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws ClassFormatError

Deprecated. Replaced by [defineClass(String, byte[], int, int)](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#defineClass%28java.lang.String, byte[], int, int%29)

Converts an array of bytes into an instance of class Class. Before the Class can be used it must be resolved. This method is deprecated in favor of the version that takes a binary name as its first argument, and is more secure.

Parameters:

b - The bytes that make up the class data. The bytes in positionsoff through off+len-1 should have the format of a valid class file as defined by the Java Virtual Machine Specification.

off - The start offset in b of the class data

len - The length of the class data

Returns:

The Class object that was created from the specified class data

Throws:

[ClassFormatError](../../java/lang/ClassFormatError.html "class in java.lang") - If the data did not contain a valid class

[IndexOutOfBoundsException](../../java/lang/IndexOutOfBoundsException.html "class in java.lang") - If either off or len is negative, or ifoff+len is greater than b.length.

See Also:

[loadClass(String, boolean)](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#loadClass%28java.lang.String, boolean%29), resolveClass(Class)

defineClass

protected final Class<?> defineClass(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len) throws ClassFormatError

Converts an array of bytes into an instance of class Class. Before the Class can be used it must be resolved.

This method assigns a default ProtectionDomain to the newly defined class. TheProtectionDomain is effectively granted the same set of permissions returned when Policy.getPolicy().getPermissions(new CodeSource(null, null)) is invoked. The default domain is created on the first invocation of[defineClass](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#defineClass%28java.lang.String, byte[], int, int%29), and re-used on subsequent invocations.

To assign a specific ProtectionDomain to the class, use the [defineClass](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#defineClass%28java.lang.String, byte[], int, int, java.security.ProtectionDomain%29) method that takes aProtectionDomain as one of its arguments.

Parameters:

name - The expected binary name of the class, ornull if not known

b - The bytes that make up the class data. The bytes in positionsoff through off+len-1 should have the format of a valid class file as defined by the Java Virtual Machine Specification.

off - The start offset in b of the class data

len - The length of the class data

Returns:

The Class object that was created from the specified class data.

Throws:

[ClassFormatError](../../java/lang/ClassFormatError.html "class in java.lang") - If the data did not contain a valid class

[IndexOutOfBoundsException](../../java/lang/IndexOutOfBoundsException.html "class in java.lang") - If either off or len is negative, or ifoff+len is greater than b.length.

[SecurityException](../../java/lang/SecurityException.html "class in java.lang") - If an attempt is made to add this class to a package that contains classes that were signed by a different set of certificates than this class (which is unsigned), or ifname begins with "java.".

Since:

1.1

See Also:

[loadClass(String, boolean)](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#loadClass%28java.lang.String, boolean%29), resolveClass(Class), CodeSource, SecureClassLoader

defineClass

protected final Class<?> defineClass(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len, ProtectionDomain protectionDomain) throws ClassFormatError

Converts an array of bytes into an instance of class Class, with an optional ProtectionDomain. If the domain isnull, then a default domain will be assigned to the class as specified in the documentation for [defineClass(String, byte[], int, int)](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#defineClass%28java.lang.String, byte[], int, int%29). Before the class can be used it must be resolved.

The first class defined in a package determines the exact set of certificates that all subsequent classes defined in that package must contain. The set of certificates for a class is obtained from theCodeSource within theProtectionDomain of the class. Any classes added to that package must contain the same set of certificates or aSecurityException will be thrown. Note that ifname is null, this check is not performed. You should always pass in the binary name of the class you are defining as well as the bytes. This ensures that the class you are defining is indeed the class you think it is.

The specified name cannot begin with "java.", since all classes in the "java.* packages can only be defined by the bootstrap class loader. If name is not null, it must be equal to the binary name of the class specified by the byte array "b", otherwise a NoClassDefFoundError will be thrown.

Parameters:

name - The expected binary name of the class, ornull if not known

b - The bytes that make up the class data. The bytes in positionsoff through off+len-1 should have the format of a valid class file as defined by the Java Virtual Machine Specification.

off - The start offset in b of the class data

len - The length of the class data

protectionDomain - The ProtectionDomain of the class

Returns:

The Class object created from the data, and optional ProtectionDomain.

Throws:

[ClassFormatError](../../java/lang/ClassFormatError.html "class in java.lang") - If the data did not contain a valid class

[NoClassDefFoundError](../../java/lang/NoClassDefFoundError.html "class in java.lang") - If name is not equal to the binary name of the class specified by b

[IndexOutOfBoundsException](../../java/lang/IndexOutOfBoundsException.html "class in java.lang") - If either off or len is negative, or ifoff+len is greater than b.length.

[SecurityException](../../java/lang/SecurityException.html "class in java.lang") - If an attempt is made to add this class to a package that contains classes that were signed by a different set of certificates than this class, or if name begins with "java.".

defineClass

protected final Class<?> defineClass(String name, ByteBuffer b, ProtectionDomain protectionDomain) throws ClassFormatError

Converts a ByteBuffer into an instance of class Class, with an optional ProtectionDomain. If the domain isnull, then a default domain will be assigned to the class as specified in the documentation for [defineClass(String, byte[], int, int)](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#defineClass%28java.lang.String, byte[], int, int%29). Before the class can be used it must be resolved.

The rules about the first class defined in a package determining the set of certificates for the package, and the restrictions on class names are identical to those specified in the documentation for [defineClass(String, byte[], int, int, ProtectionDomain)](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#defineClass%28java.lang.String, byte[], int, int, java.security.ProtectionDomain%29).

An invocation of this method of the form_cl_.defineClass(name, bBuffer, pd) yields exactly the same result as the statements

...
byte[] temp = new byte[_bBuffer_.remaining()];
bBuffer.get(temp);
return [](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#defineClass%28java.lang.String, byte[], int, int, java.security.ProtectionDomain%29)[_cl_.defineClass](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#defineClass%28java.lang.String, byte[], int, int, java.security.ProtectionDomain%29)(name, temp, 0, temp.length, pd);

Parameters:

name - The expected binary namenull if not known

b - The bytes that make up the class data. The bytes from positionsb.position() through b.position() + b.limit() -1 should have the format of a valid class file as defined by the Java Virtual Machine Specification.

protectionDomain - The ProtectionDomain of the class, or null.

Returns:

The Class object created from the data, and optional ProtectionDomain.

Throws:

[ClassFormatError](../../java/lang/ClassFormatError.html "class in java.lang") - If the data did not contain a valid class.

[NoClassDefFoundError](../../java/lang/NoClassDefFoundError.html "class in java.lang") - If name is not equal to the binary name of the class specified by b

[SecurityException](../../java/lang/SecurityException.html "class in java.lang") - If an attempt is made to add this class to a package that contains classes that were signed by a different set of certificates than this class, or if name begins with "java.".

Since:

1.5

See Also:

[defineClass(String, byte[], int, int, ProtectionDomain)](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#defineClass%28java.lang.String, byte[], int, int, java.security.ProtectionDomain%29)

resolveClass

protected final void resolveClass(Class<?> c)

Links the specified class. This (misleadingly named) method may be used by a class loader to link a class. If the class c has already been linked, then this method simply returns. Otherwise, the class is linked as described in the "Execution" chapter of the Java Language Specification.

Parameters:

c - The class to link

Throws:

[NullPointerException](../../java/lang/NullPointerException.html "class in java.lang") - If c is null.

See Also:

[defineClass(String, byte[], int, int)](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#defineClass%28java.lang.String, byte[], int, int%29)

findSystemClass

protected final Class<?> findSystemClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException

Finds a class with the specified binary name, loading it if necessary.

This method loads the class through the system class loader (seegetSystemClassLoader()). The Class object returned might have more than one ClassLoader associated with it. Subclasses of ClassLoader need not usually invoke this method, because most class loaders need to override just findClass(String).

Parameters:

name - The binary name of the class

Returns:

The Class object for the specified name

Throws:

[ClassNotFoundException](../../java/lang/ClassNotFoundException.html "class in java.lang") - If the class could not be found

See Also:

ClassLoader(ClassLoader), getParent()

findLoadedClass

protected final Class<?> findLoadedClass(String name)

Returns the class with the given binary name if this loader has been recorded by the Java virtual machine as an initiating loader of a class with that binary name. Otherwisenull is returned.

Parameters:

name - The binary name of the class

Returns:

The Class object, or null if the class has not been loaded

Since:

1.1

setSigners

protected final void setSigners(Class<?> c, Object[] signers)

Sets the signers of a class. This should be invoked after defining a class.

Parameters:

c - The Class object

signers - The signers for the class

Since:

1.1

getResource

public URL getResource(String name)

Finds the resource with the given name. A resource is some data (images, audio, text, etc) that can be accessed by class code in a way that is independent of the location of the code.

The name of a resource is a '/'-separated path name that identifies the resource.

This method will first search the parent class loader for the resource; if the parent is null the path of the class loader built-in to the virtual machine is searched. That failing, this method will invoke findResource(String) to find the resource.

Parameters:

name - The resource name

Returns:

A URL object for reading the resource, ornull if the resource could not be found or the invoker doesn't have adequate privileges to get the resource.

Since:

1.1

getResources

public Enumeration<URL> getResources(String name) throws IOException

Finds all the resources with the given name. A resource is some data (images, audio, text, etc) that can be accessed by class code in a way that is independent of the location of the code.

The name of a resource is a /-separated path name that identifies the resource.

The search order is described in the documentation for getResource(String).

Parameters:

name - The resource name

Returns:

An enumeration of URL objects for the resource. If no resources could be found, the enumeration will be empty. Resources that the class loader doesn't have access to will not be in the enumeration.

Throws:

[IOException](../../java/io/IOException.html "class in java.io") - If I/O errors occur

Since:

1.2

See Also:

findResources(String)

findResource

protected URL findResource(String name)

Finds the resource with the given name. Class loader implementations should override this method to specify where to find resources.

Parameters:

name - The resource name

Returns:

A URL object for reading the resource, ornull if the resource could not be found

Since:

1.2

findResources

protected Enumeration<URL> findResources(String name) throws IOException

Returns an enumeration of URL objects representing all the resources with the given name. Class loader implementations should override this method to specify where to load resources from.

Parameters:

name - The resource name

Returns:

An enumeration of URL objects for the resources

Throws:

[IOException](../../java/io/IOException.html "class in java.io") - If I/O errors occur

Since:

1.2

getSystemResource

public static URL getSystemResource(String name)

Find a resource of the specified name from the search path used to load classes. This method locates the resource through the system class loader (see getSystemClassLoader()).

Parameters:

name - The resource name

Returns:

A URL object for reading the resource, or null if the resource could not be found

Since:

1.1

getSystemResources

public static Enumeration<URL> getSystemResources(String name) throws IOException

Finds all resources of the specified name from the search path used to load classes. The resources thus found are returned as anEnumeration of URL objects.

The search order is described in the documentation for getSystemResource(String).

Parameters:

name - The resource name

Returns:

An enumeration of resource URL objects

Throws:

[IOException](../../java/io/IOException.html "class in java.io") - If I/O errors occur

Since:

1.2

getResourceAsStream

public InputStream getResourceAsStream(String name)

Returns an input stream for reading the specified resource.

The search order is described in the documentation for getResource(String).

Parameters:

name - The resource name

Returns:

An input stream for reading the resource, or null if the resource could not be found

Since:

1.1

getSystemResourceAsStream

public static InputStream getSystemResourceAsStream(String name)

Open for reading, a resource of the specified name from the search path used to load classes. This method locates the resource through the system class loader (see getSystemClassLoader()).

Parameters:

name - The resource name

Returns:

An input stream for reading the resource, or null if the resource could not be found

Since:

1.1

getParent

public final ClassLoader getParent()

Returns the parent class loader for delegation. Some implementations may use null to represent the bootstrap class loader. This method will return null in such implementations if this class loader's parent is the bootstrap class loader.

If a security manager is present, and the invoker's class loader is not null and is not an ancestor of this class loader, then this method invokes the security manager's checkPermission method with a RuntimePermission("getClassLoader") permission to verify access to the parent class loader is permitted. If not, aSecurityException will be thrown.

Returns:

The parent ClassLoader

Throws:

[SecurityException](../../java/lang/SecurityException.html "class in java.lang") - If a security manager exists and its checkPermission method doesn't allow access to this class loader's parent class loader.

Since:

1.2

getSystemClassLoader

public static ClassLoader getSystemClassLoader()

Returns the system class loader for delegation. This is the default delegation parent for new ClassLoader instances, and is typically the class loader used to start the application.

This method is first invoked early in the runtime's startup sequence, at which point it creates the system class loader and sets it as the context class loader of the invoking Thread.

The default system class loader is an implementation-dependent instance of this class.

If the system property "java.system.class.loader" is defined when this method is first invoked then the value of that property is taken to be the name of a class that will be returned as the system class loader. The class is loaded using the default system class loader and must define a public constructor that takes a single parameter of type ClassLoader which is used as the delegation parent. An instance is then created using this constructor with the default system class loader as the parameter. The resulting class loader is defined to be the system class loader.

If a security manager is present, and the invoker's class loader is not null and the invoker's class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the system class loader, then this method invokes the security manager's checkPermission method with a RuntimePermission("getClassLoader") permission to verify access to the system class loader. If not, aSecurityException will be thrown.

Returns:

The system ClassLoader for delegation, ornull if none

Throws:

[SecurityException](../../java/lang/SecurityException.html "class in java.lang") - If a security manager exists and its checkPermission method doesn't allow access to the system class loader.

[IllegalStateException](../../java/lang/IllegalStateException.html "class in java.lang") - If invoked recursively during the construction of the class loader specified by the "java.system.class.loader" property.

[Error](../../java/lang/Error.html "class in java.lang") - If the system property "java.system.class.loader" is defined but the named class could not be loaded, the provider class does not define the required constructor, or an exception is thrown by that constructor when it is invoked. The underlying cause of the error can be retrieved via theThrowable.getCause() method.

definePackage

protected Package definePackage(String name, String specTitle, String specVersion, String specVendor, String implTitle, String implVersion, String implVendor, URL sealBase) throws IllegalArgumentException

Defines a package by name in this ClassLoader. This allows class loaders to define the packages for their classes. Packages must be created before the class is defined, and package names must be unique within a class loader and cannot be redefined or changed once created.

Parameters:

name - The package name

specTitle - The specification title

specVersion - The specification version

specVendor - The specification vendor

implTitle - The implementation title

implVersion - The implementation version

implVendor - The implementation vendor

sealBase - If not null, then this package is sealed with respect to the given code source URL object. Otherwise, the package is not sealed.

Returns:

The newly defined Package object

Throws:

[IllegalArgumentException](../../java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html "class in java.lang") - If package name duplicates an existing package either in this class loader or one of its ancestors

Since:

1.2

getPackage

protected Package getPackage(String name)

Returns a Package that has been defined by this class loader or any of its ancestors.

Parameters:

name - The package name

Returns:

The Package corresponding to the given name, ornull if not found

Since:

1.2

getPackages

protected Package[] getPackages()

Returns all of the Packages defined by this class loader and its ancestors.

Returns:

The array of Package objects defined by thisClassLoader

Since:

1.2

findLibrary

protected String findLibrary(String libname)

Returns the absolute path name of a native library. The VM invokes this method to locate the native libraries that belong to classes loaded with this class loader. If this method returns null, the VM searches the library along the path specified as the "java.library.path" property.

Parameters:

libname - The library name

Returns:

The absolute path of the native library

Since:

1.2

See Also:

System.loadLibrary(String), System.mapLibraryName(String)

setDefaultAssertionStatus

public void setDefaultAssertionStatus(boolean enabled)

Sets the default assertion status for this class loader. This setting determines whether classes loaded by this class loader and initialized in the future will have assertions enabled or disabled by default. This setting may be overridden on a per-package or per-class basis by invoking [setPackageAssertionStatus(String, boolean)](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#setPackageAssertionStatus%28java.lang.String, boolean%29) or [setClassAssertionStatus(String, boolean)](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#setClassAssertionStatus%28java.lang.String, boolean%29).

Parameters:

enabled - true if classes loaded by this class loader will henceforth have assertions enabled by default, false if they will have assertions disabled by default.

Since:

1.4

setPackageAssertionStatus

public void setPackageAssertionStatus(String packageName, boolean enabled)

Sets the package default assertion status for the named package. The package default assertion status determines the assertion status for classes initialized in the future that belong to the named package or any of its "subpackages".

A subpackage of a package named p is any package whose name begins with "p.". For example, javax.swing.text is a subpackage of javax.swing, and both java.util andjava.lang.reflect are subpackages of java.

In the event that multiple package defaults apply to a given class, the package default pertaining to the most specific package takes precedence over the others. For example, if javax.lang andjavax.lang.reflect both have package defaults associated with them, the latter package default applies to classes injavax.lang.reflect.

Package defaults take precedence over the class loader's default assertion status, and may be overridden on a per-class basis by invoking[setClassAssertionStatus(String, boolean)](../../java/lang/ClassLoader.html#setClassAssertionStatus%28java.lang.String, boolean%29).

Parameters:

packageName - The name of the package whose package default assertion status is to be set. A null value indicates the unnamed package that is "current" (Java Language Specification, section 7.4.2).

enabled - true if classes loaded by this classloader and belonging to the named package or any of its subpackages will have assertions enabled by default, false if they will have assertions disabled by default.

Since:

1.4

setClassAssertionStatus

public void setClassAssertionStatus(String className, boolean enabled)

Sets the desired assertion status for the named top-level class in this class loader and any nested classes contained therein. This setting takes precedence over the class loader's default assertion status, and over any applicable per-package default. This method has no effect if the named class has already been initialized. (Once a class is initialized, its assertion status cannot change.)

If the named class is not a top-level class, this invocation will have no effect on the actual assertion status of any class, and its return value is undefined.

Parameters:

className - The fully qualified class name of the top-level class whose assertion status is to be set.

enabled - true if the named class is to have assertions enabled when (and if) it is initialized, false if the class is to have assertions disabled.

Since:

1.4

clearAssertionStatus

public void clearAssertionStatus()

Sets the default assertion status for this class loader tofalse and discards any package defaults or class assertion status settings associated with the class loader. This method is provided so that class loaders can be made to ignore any command line or persistent assertion status settings and "start with a clean slate."

Since:

1.4

Submit a bug or feature
For further API reference and developer documentation, see Java 2 SDK SE Developer Documentation. That documentation contains more detailed, developer-targeted descriptions, with conceptual overviews, definitions of terms, workarounds, and working code examples.

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