read-tree(1) - Linux manual page (original) (raw)
GIT-READ-TREE(1) Git Manual GIT-READ-TREE(1)
NAME top
git-read-tree - Reads tree information into the indexSYNOPSIS top
_git read-tree_ [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>)
[-u | -i]] [--index-output=<file>] [--no-sparse-checkout]
(--empty | <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])DESCRIPTION top
Reads the tree information given by <tree-ish> into the index, but
does not actually **update** any of the files it "caches". (see:
[git-checkout-index(1)](../man1/git-checkout-index.1.html))
Optionally, it can merge a tree into the index, perform a
fast-forward (i.e. 2-way) merge, or a 3-way merge, with the **-m**
flag. When used with **-m**, the **-u** flag causes it to also update the
files in the work tree with the result of the merge.
Only trivial merges are done by _git read-tree_ itself. Only
conflicting paths will be in an unmerged state when _git read-tree_
returns.OPTIONS top
-m
Perform a merge, not just a read. The command will refuse to
run if your index file has unmerged entries, indicating that
you have not finished a previous merge you started.
--reset
Same as -m, except that unmerged entries are discarded instead
of failing. When used with **-u**, updates leading to loss of
working tree changes or untracked files or directories will
not abort the operation.
-u
After a successful merge, update the files in the work tree
with the result of the merge.
-i
Usually a merge requires the index file as well as the files
in the working tree to be up to date with the current head
commit, in order not to lose local changes. This flag disables
the check with the working tree and is meant to be used when
creating a merge of trees that are not directly related to the
current working tree status into a temporary index file.
-n, --dry-run
Check if the command would error out, without updating the
index or the files in the working tree for real.
-v
Show the progress of checking files out.
--trivial
Restrict three-way merge by _git read-tree_ to happen only if
there is no file-level merging required, instead of resolving
merge for trivial cases and leaving conflicting files
unresolved in the index.
--aggressive
Usually a three-way merge by _git read-tree_ resolves the merge
for really trivial cases and leaves other cases unresolved in
the index, so that porcelains can implement different merge
policies. This flag makes the command resolve a few more cases
internally:
• when one side removes a path and the other side leaves the
path unmodified. The resolution is to remove that path.
• when both sides remove a path. The resolution is to remove
that path.
• when both sides add a path identically. The resolution is
to add that path.
--prefix=<prefix>
Keep the current index contents, and read the contents of the
named tree-ish under the directory at _<prefix>_. The command
will refuse to overwrite entries that already existed in the
original index file.
--index-output=<file>
Instead of writing the results out to **$GIT_INDEX_FILE**, write
the resulting index in the named file. While the command is
operating, the original index file is locked with the same
mechanism as usual. The file must allow to be rename(2)ed into
from a temporary file that is created next to the usual index
file; typically this means it needs to be on the same
filesystem as the index file itself, and you need write
permission to the directories the index file and index output
file are located in.
--[no-]recurse-submodules
Using --recurse-submodules will update the content of all
active submodules according to the commit recorded in the
superproject by calling read-tree recursively, also setting
the submodules' HEAD to be detached at that commit.
--no-sparse-checkout
Disable sparse checkout support even if **core.sparseCheckout** is
true.
--empty
Instead of reading tree object(s) into the index, just empty
it.
-q, --quiet
Quiet, suppress feedback messages.
<tree-ish#>
The id of the tree object(s) to be read/merged.MERGING top
If **-m** is specified, _git read-tree_ can perform 3 kinds of merge, a
single tree merge if only 1 tree is given, a fast-forward merge
with 2 trees, or a 3-way merge if 3 or more trees are provided.Single Tree Merge If only 1 tree is specified, git read-tree operates as if the user did not specify -m, except that if the original index has an entry for a given pathname, and the contents of the path match with the tree being read, the stat info from the index is used. (In other words, the index’s stat()s take precedence over the merged tree’s).
That means that if you do a **git read-tree -m** _<newtree>_ followed by
a **git checkout-index -f -u -a**, the _git checkout-index_ only checks
out the stuff that really changed.
This is used to avoid unnecessary false hits when _git diff-files_
is run after _git read-tree_.Two Tree Merge Typically, this is invoked as git read-tree -m HH HM, where $H is the head commit of the current repository, and $M is the head of a foreign tree, which is simply ahead of $H (i.e. we are in a fast-forward situation).
When two trees are specified, the user is telling _git read-tree_
the following:
1. The current index and work tree is derived from $H, but the
user may have local changes in them since $H.
2. The user wants to fast-forward to $M.
In this case, the **git read-tree -m <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">H </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.08125em;">H</span></span></span></span>M** command makes sure that
no local change is lost as the result of this "merge". Here are
the "carry forward" rules, where "I" denotes the index, "clean"
means that index and work tree coincide, and "exists"/"nothing"
refer to the presence of a path in the specified commit:
I H M Result
-------------------------------------------------------
0 nothing nothing nothing (does not happen)
1 nothing nothing exists use M
2 nothing exists nothing remove path from index
3 nothing exists exists, use M if "initial checkout",
H == M keep index otherwise
exists, fail
H != M
clean I==H I==M
------------------
4 yes N/A N/A nothing nothing keep index
5 no N/A N/A nothing nothing keep index
6 yes N/A yes nothing exists keep index
7 no N/A yes nothing exists keep index
8 yes N/A no nothing exists fail
9 no N/A no nothing exists fail
10 yes yes N/A exists nothing remove path from index
11 no yes N/A exists nothing fail
12 yes no N/A exists nothing fail
13 no no N/A exists nothing fail
clean (H==M)
------
14 yes exists exists keep index
15 no exists exists keep index
clean I==H I==M (H!=M)
------------------
16 yes no no exists exists fail
17 no no no exists exists fail
18 yes no yes exists exists keep index
19 no no yes exists exists keep index
20 yes yes no exists exists use M
21 no yes no exists exists fail
In all "keep index" cases, the index entry stays as in the
original index file. If the entry is not up to date, _git read-tree_
keeps the copy in the work tree intact when operating under the -u
flag.
When this form of _git read-tree_ returns successfully, you can see
which of the "local changes" that you made were carried forward by
running **git diff-index --cached $M**. Note that this does not
necessarily match what **git diff-index --cached $H** would have
produced before such a two tree merge. This is because of cases 18
and 19 — if you already had the changes in $M (e.g. maybe you
picked it up via e-mail in a patch form), **git diff-index --cached**
**$H** would have told you about the change before this merge, but it
would not show in **git diff-index --cached $M** output after the
two-tree merge.
Case 3 is slightly tricky and needs explanation. The result from
this rule logically should be to remove the path if the user
staged the removal of the path and then switching to a new branch.
That however will prevent the initial checkout from happening, so
the rule is modified to use M (new tree) only when the content of
the index is empty. Otherwise the removal of the path is kept as
long as <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>H</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">H and </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.08125em;">H</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span>M are the same.3-Way Merge Each "index" entry has two bits worth of "stage" state. stage 0 is the normal one, and is the only one you’d see in any kind of normal use.
However, when you do _git read-tree_ with three trees, the "stage"
starts out at 1.
This means that you can do
$ git read-tree -m <tree1> <tree2> <tree3>
and you will end up with an index with all of the <tree1> entries
in "stage1", all of the <tree2> entries in "stage2" and all of the
<tree3> entries in "stage3". When performing a merge of another
branch into the current branch, we use the common ancestor tree as
<tree1>, the current branch head as <tree2>, and the other branch
head as <tree3>.
Furthermore, _git read-tree_ has special-case logic that says: if
you see a file that matches in all respects in the following
states, it "collapses" back to "stage0":
• stage 2 and 3 are the same; take one or the other (it makes no
difference - the same work has been done on our branch in
stage 2 and their branch in stage 3)
• stage 1 and stage 2 are the same and stage 3 is different;
take stage 3 (our branch in stage 2 did not do anything since
the ancestor in stage 1 while their branch in stage 3 worked
on it)
• stage 1 and stage 3 are the same and stage 2 is different take
stage 2 (we did something while they did nothing)
The _git write-tree_ command refuses to write a nonsensical tree,
and it will complain about unmerged entries if it sees a single
entry that is not stage 0.
OK, this all sounds like a collection of totally nonsensical
rules, but it’s actually exactly what you want in order to do a
fast merge. The different stages represent the "result tree"
(stage 0, aka "merged"), the original tree (stage 1, aka "orig"),
and the two trees you are trying to merge (stage 2 and 3
respectively).
The order of stages 1, 2 and 3 (hence the order of three
<tree-ish> command-line arguments) are significant when you start
a 3-way merge with an index file that is already populated. Here
is an outline of how the algorithm works:
• if a file exists in identical format in all three trees, it
will automatically collapse to "merged" state by _git_
_read-tree_.
• a file that has _any_ difference what-so-ever in the three trees
will stay as separate entries in the index. It’s up to
"porcelain policy" to determine how to remove the non-0
stages, and insert a merged version.
• the index file saves and restores with all this information,
so you can merge things incrementally, but as long as it has
entries in stages 1/2/3 (i.e., "unmerged entries") you can’t
write the result. So now the merge algorithm ends up being
really simple:
• you walk the index in order, and ignore all entries of
stage 0, since they’ve already been done.
• if you find a "stage1", but no matching "stage2" or
"stage3", you know it’s been removed from both trees (it
only existed in the original tree), and you remove that
entry.
• if you find a matching "stage2" and "stage3" tree, you
remove one of them, and turn the other into a "stage0"
entry. Remove any matching "stage1" entry if it exists
too. .. all the normal trivial rules ..
You would normally use _git merge-index_ with supplied _git_
_merge-one-file_ to do this last step. The script updates the files
in the working tree as it merges each path and at the end of a
successful merge.
When you start a 3-way merge with an index file that is already
populated, it is assumed that it represents the state of the files
in your work tree, and you can even have files with changes
unrecorded in the index file. It is further assumed that this
state is "derived" from the stage 2 tree. The 3-way merge refuses
to run if it finds an entry in the original index file that does
not match stage 2.
This is done to prevent you from losing your work-in-progress
changes, and mixing your random changes in an unrelated merge
commit. To illustrate, suppose you start from what has been
committed last to your repository:
$ JC=`git rev-parse --verify "HEAD^0"`
$ git checkout-index -f -u -a $JC
You do random edits, without running _git update-index_. And then
you notice that the tip of your "upstream" tree has advanced since
you pulled from him:
$ git fetch git://.... linus
$ LT=`git rev-parse FETCH_HEAD`
Your work tree is still based on your HEAD ($JC), but you have
some edits since. Three-way merge makes sure that you have not
added or modified index entries since $JC, and if you haven’t,
then does the right thing. So with the following sequence:
$ git read-tree -m -u `git merge-base <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>J</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">JC </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.09618em;">J</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">C</span></span></span></span>LT` <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>J</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">JC </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.09618em;">J</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">C</span></span></span></span>LT
$ git merge-index git-merge-one-file -a
$ echo "Merge with Linus" | \
git commit-tree `git write-tree` -p <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>J</mi><mi>C</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>p</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">JC -p </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.09618em;">J</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">C</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span></span></span></span>LT
what you would commit is a pure merge between <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>J</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">JC and </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.09618em;">J</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">C</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span>LT without
your work-in-progress changes, and your work tree would be updated
to the result of the merge.
However, if you have local changes in the working tree that would
be overwritten by this merge, _git read-tree_ will refuse to run to
prevent your changes from being lost.
In other words, there is no need to worry about what exists only
in the working tree. When you have local changes in a part of the
project that is not involved in the merge, your changes do not
interfere with the merge, and are kept intact. When they **do**
interfere, the merge does not even start (_git read-tree_ complains
loudly and fails without modifying anything). In such a case, you
can simply continue doing what you were in the middle of doing,
and when your working tree is ready (i.e. you have finished your
work-in-progress), attempt the merge again.SPARSE CHECKOUT top
Note: The skip-worktree capabilities in [git-update-index(1)](../man1/git-update-index.1.html) and
**read-tree** predated the introduction of [git-sparse-checkout(1)](../man1/git-sparse-checkout.1.html).
Users are encouraged to use the **sparse-checkout** command in
preference to these plumbing commands for
sparse-checkout/skip-worktree related needs. However, the
information below might be useful to users trying to understand
the pattern style used in non-cone mode of the **sparse-checkout**
command.
"Sparse checkout" allows populating the working directory
sparsely. It uses the skip-worktree bit (see [git-update-index(1)](../man1/git-update-index.1.html))
to tell Git whether a file in the working directory is worth
looking at.
_git read-tree_ and other merge-based commands (_git merge_, _git_
_checkout_...) can help maintaining the skip-worktree bitmap and
working directory update. **$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout** is used to
define the skip-worktree reference bitmap. When _git read-tree_
needs to update the working directory, it resets the skip-worktree
bit in the index based on this file, which uses the same syntax as
.gitignore files. If an entry matches a pattern in this file, or
the entry corresponds to a file present in the working tree, then
skip-worktree will not be set on that entry. Otherwise,
skip-worktree will be set.
Then it compares the new skip-worktree value with the previous
one. If skip-worktree turns from set to unset, it will add the
corresponding file back. If it turns from unset to set, that file
will be removed.
While **$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout** is usually used to specify
what files are in, you can also specify what files are _not_ in,
using negate patterns. For example, to remove the file **unwanted**:
/*
!unwanted
Another tricky thing is fully repopulating the working directory
when you no longer want sparse checkout. You cannot just disable
"sparse checkout" because skip-worktree bits are still in the
index and your working directory is still sparsely populated. You
should re-populate the working directory with the
**$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout** file content as follows:
/*
Then you can disable sparse checkout. Sparse checkout support in
_git read-tree_ and similar commands is disabled by default. You
need to turn **core.sparseCheckout** on in order to have sparse
checkout support.SEE ALSO top
[git-write-tree(1)](../man1/git-write-tree.1.html), [git-ls-files(1)](../man1/git-ls-files.1.html), [gitignore(5)](../man5/gitignore.5.html),
[git-sparse-checkout(1)](../man1/git-sparse-checkout.1.html)GIT top
Part of the [git(1)](../man1/git.1.html) suiteCOLOPHON top
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man-pages@man7.orgGit 2.48.1.166.g58b580 2025-01-31 GIT-READ-TREE(1)
Pages that refer to this page:git(1), git-diff(1), git-ls-files(1), git-sparse-checkout(1), git-worktree(1), gitrepository-layout(5)