printf(3) - Linux manual page (original) (raw)
printf(3) Library Functions Manual printf(3)
NAME top
printf, fprintf, dprintf, sprintf, snprintf, vprintf, vfprintf,
vdprintf, vsprintf, vsnprintf - formatted output conversionLIBRARY top
Standard C library (_libc_, _-lc_)SYNOPSIS top
**#include <stdio.h>**
**int printf(const char *restrict** _format_**, ...);**
**int fprintf(FILE *restrict** _stream_**,**
**const char *restrict** _format_**, ...);**
**int dprintf(int** _fd_**,**
**const char *restrict** _format_**, ...);**
**int sprintf(char *restrict** _str_**,**
**const char *restrict** _format_**, ...);**
**int snprintf(char** _str_**[restrict .**_size_**], size_t** _size_**,**
**const char *restrict** _format_**, ...);**
**int vprintf(const char *restrict** _format_**, va_list** _ap_**);**
**int vfprintf(FILE *restrict** _stream_**,**
**const char *restrict** _format_**, va_list** _ap_**);**
**int vdprintf(int** _fd_**,**
**const char *restrict** _format_**, va_list** _ap_**);**
**int vsprintf(char *restrict** _str_**,**
**const char *restrict** _format_**, va_list** _ap_**);**
**int vsnprintf(char** _str_**[restrict .**_size_**], size_t** _size_**,**
**const char *restrict** _format_**, va_list** _ap_**);**Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
**snprintf**(), **vsnprintf**():
_XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500 || _ISOC99_SOURCE
|| /* glibc <= 2.19: */ _BSD_SOURCE
**dprintf**(), **vdprintf**():
Since glibc 2.10:
_POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200809L
Before glibc 2.10:
_GNU_SOURCEDESCRIPTION top
The functions in the **printf**() family produce output according to a
_format_ as described below. The functions **printf**() and **vprintf**()
write output to _stdout_, the standard output stream; **fprintf**() and
**vfprintf**() write output to the given output _stream_; **sprintf**(),
**snprintf**(), **vsprintf**(), and **vsnprintf**() write to the character
string _str_.
The function **dprintf**() is the same as **fprintf**() except that it
outputs to a file descriptor, _fd_, instead of to a [stdio(3)](../man3/stdio.3.html) stream.
The functions **snprintf**() and **vsnprintf**() write at most _size_ bytes
(including the terminating null byte ('\0')) to _str_.
The functions **vprintf**(), **vfprintf**(), **vdprintf**(), **vsprintf**(),
**vsnprintf**() are equivalent to the functions **printf**(), **fprintf**(),
**dprintf**(), **sprintf**(), **snprintf**(), respectively, except that they
are called with a _valist_ instead of a variable number of
arguments. These functions do not call the _vaend_ macro. Because
they invoke the _vaarg_ macro, the value of _ap_ is undefined after
the call. See [stdarg(3)](../man3/stdarg.3.html).
All of these functions write the output under the control of a
_format_ string that specifies how subsequent arguments (or
arguments accessed via the variable-length argument facilities of
[stdarg(3)](../man3/stdarg.3.html)) are converted for output.
C99 and POSIX.1-2001 specify that the results are undefined if a
call to **sprintf**(), **snprintf**(), **vsprintf**(), or **vsnprintf**() would
cause copying to take place between objects that overlap (e.g., if
the target string array and one of the supplied input arguments
refer to the same buffer). See CAVEATS.Format of the format string The format string is a character string, beginning and ending in its initial shift state, if any. The format string is composed of zero or more directives: ordinary characters (not %), which are copied unchanged to the output stream; and conversion specifications, each of which results in fetching zero or more subsequent arguments. Each conversion specification is introduced by the character %, and ends with a conversion specifier. In between there may be (in this order) zero or more flags, an optional minimum field width, an optional precision and an optional length modifier.
The overall syntax of a conversion specification is:
%[argument$][flags][width][.precision][length modifier]conversion
The arguments must correspond properly (after type promotion) with
the conversion specifier. By default, the arguments are used in
the order given, where each '*' (see _Field width_ and _Precision_
below) and each conversion specifier asks for the next argument
(and it is an error if insufficiently many arguments are given).
One can also specify explicitly which argument is taken, at each
place where an argument is required, by writing "%m$" instead of
'%' and "*m$" instead of '*', where the decimal integer _m_ denotes
the position in the argument list of the desired argument, indexed
starting from 1. Thus,
printf("%*d", width, num);
and
printf("%2$*1$d", width, num);
are equivalent. The second style allows repeated references to
the same argument. The C99 standard does not include the style
using '$', which comes from the Single UNIX Specification. If the
style using '$' is used, it must be used throughout for all
conversions taking an argument and all width and precision
arguments, but it may be mixed with "%%" formats, which do not
consume an argument. There may be no gaps in the numbers of
arguments specified using '$'; for example, if arguments 1 and 3
are specified, argument 2 must also be specified somewhere in the
format string.
For some numeric conversions a radix character ("decimal point")
or thousands' grouping character is used. The actual character
used depends on the **LC_NUMERIC** part of the locale. (See
[setlocale(3)](../man3/setlocale.3.html).) The POSIX locale uses '.' as radix character, and
does not have a grouping character. Thus,
printf("%'.2f", 1234567.89);
results in "1234567.89" in the POSIX locale, in "1234567,89" in
the nl_NL locale, and in "1.234.567,89" in the da_DK locale.Flag characters The character % is followed by zero or more of the following flags:
**#** The value should be converted to an "alternate form". For
**o** conversions, the first character of the output string is
made zero (by prefixing a 0 if it was not zero already).
For **x** and **X** conversions, a nonzero result has the string
"0x" (or "0X" for **X** conversions) prepended to it. For **a**,
**A**, **e**, **E**, **f**, **F**, **g**, and **G** conversions, the result will always
contain a decimal point, even if no digits follow it
(normally, a decimal point appears in the results of those
conversions only if a digit follows). For **g** and **G**
conversions, trailing zeros are not removed from the result
as they would otherwise be. For **m**, if _[errno](../man3/errno.3.html)_ contains a
valid error code, the output of _strerrornamenp(errno)_ is
printed; otherwise, the value stored in _[errno](../man3/errno.3.html)_ is printed as
a decimal number. For other conversions, the result is
undefined.
**0** The value should be zero padded. For **d**, **i**, **o**, **u**, **x**, **X**, **a**,
**A**, **e**, **E**, **f**, **F**, **g**, and **G** conversions, the converted value is
padded on the left with zeros rather than blanks. If the **0**
and **-** flags both appear, the **0** flag is ignored. If a
precision is given with an integer conversion (**d**, **i**, **o**, **u**,
**x**, and **X**), the **0** flag is ignored. For other conversions,
the behavior is undefined.
**-** The converted value is to be left adjusted on the field
boundary. (The default is right justification.) The
converted value is padded on the right with blanks, rather
than on the left with blanks or zeros. A **-** overrides a **0**
if both are given.
**' '** (a space) A blank should be left before a positive number
(or empty string) produced by a signed conversion.
**+** A sign (+ or -) should always be placed before a number
produced by a signed conversion. By default, a sign is
used only for negative numbers. A **+** overrides a space if
both are used.
The five flag characters above are defined in the C99 standard.
POSIX specifies one further flag character.
**'** For decimal conversion (**i**, **d**, **u**, **f**, **F**, **g**, **G**) the output is
to be grouped with thousands' grouping characters as a _non-_
_monetary_ quantity. Misleadingly, this isn't necessarily
every thousand: for example Karbi ("mjw_IN"), groups its
digits into 3 once, then 2 repeatedly. Compare [locale(7)](../man7/locale.7.html)
_grouping_ and _thousandssep_, contrast with
_mongrouping_/_monthousandssep_ and [strfmon(3)](../man3/strfmon.3.html). This is a
no-op in the default "C" locale.
glibc 2.2 adds one further flag character.
**I** For decimal integer conversion (**i**, **d**, **u**) the output uses
the locale's alternative output digits, if any. For
example, since glibc 2.2.3 this will give Arabic-Indic
digits in the Persian ("fa_IR") locale.Field width An optional decimal digit string (with nonzero first digit) specifying a minimum field width. If the converted value has fewer characters than the field width, it will be padded with spaces on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment flag has been given). Instead of a decimal digit string one may write "*" or "*m$" (for some decimal integer m) to specify that the field width is given in the next argument, or in the m-th argument, respectively, which must be of type int. A negative field width is taken as a '-' flag followed by a positive field width. In no case does a nonexistent or small field width cause truncation of a field; if the result of a conversion is wider than the field width, the field is expanded to contain the conversion result.
Precision An optional precision, in the form of a period ('.') followed by an optional decimal digit string. Instead of a decimal digit string one may write "*" or "*m$" (for some decimal integer m) to specify that the precision is given in the next argument, or in the m-th argument, respectively, which must be of type int. If the precision is given as just '.', the precision is taken to be zero. A negative precision is taken as if the precision were omitted. This gives the minimum number of digits to appear for d, i, o, u, x, and X conversions, the number of digits to appear after the radix character for a, A, e, E, f, and F conversions, the maximum number of significant digits for g and G conversions, or the maximum number of characters to be printed from a string for s and S conversions.
Length modifier Here, "integer conversion" stands for d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion.
**hh** A following integer conversion corresponds to a _signed char_
or _unsigned char_ argument, or a following **n** conversion
corresponds to a pointer to a _signed char_ argument.
**h** A following integer conversion corresponds to a _short_ or
_unsigned short_ argument, or a following **n** conversion
corresponds to a pointer to a _short_ argument.
**l** (ell) A following integer conversion corresponds to a _long_
or _unsigned long_ argument, or a following **n** conversion
corresponds to a pointer to a _long_ argument, or a following
**c** conversion corresponds to a _wintt_ argument, or a
following **s** conversion corresponds to a pointer to _wchart_
argument. On a following **a**, **A**, **e**, **E**, **f**, **F**, **g**, or **G**
conversion, this length modifier is ignored (C99; not in
SUSv2).
**ll** (ell-ell). A following integer conversion corresponds to a
_long long_ or _unsigned long long_ argument, or a following **n**
conversion corresponds to a pointer to a _long long_
argument.
**q** A synonym for **ll**. This is a nonstandard extension, derived
from BSD; avoid its use in new code.
**L** A following **a**, **A**, **e**, **E**, **f**, **F**, **g**, or **G** conversion
corresponds to a _long double_ argument. (C99 allows %LF,
but SUSv2 does not.)
**j** A following integer conversion corresponds to an _intmaxt_
or _uintmaxt_ argument, or a following **n** conversion
corresponds to a pointer to an _intmaxt_ argument.
**z** A following integer conversion corresponds to a _sizet_ or
_ssizet_ argument, or a following **n** conversion corresponds
to a pointer to a _sizet_ argument.
**Z** A nonstandard synonym for **z** that predates the appearance of
**z**. Do not use in new code.
**t** A following integer conversion corresponds to a _ptrdifft_
argument, or a following **n** conversion corresponds to a
pointer to a _ptrdifft_ argument.
SUSv3 specifies all of the above, except for those modifiers
explicitly noted as being nonstandard extensions. SUSv2 specified
only the length modifiers **h** (in **hd**, **hi**, **ho**, **hx**, **hX**, **hn**) and **l** (in
**ld**, **li**, **lo**, **lx**, **lX**, **ln**, **lc**, **ls**) and **L** (in **Le**, **LE**, **Lf**, **Lg**, **LG**).
As a nonstandard extension, the GNU implementations treats **ll** and
**L** as synonyms, so that one can, for example, write **llg** (as a
synonym for the standards-compliant **Lg**) and **Ld** (as a synonym for
the standards compliant **lld**). Such usage is nonportable.Conversion specifiers A character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied. The conversion specifiers and their meanings are:
**d**, **i** The _int_ argument is converted to signed decimal notation.
The precision, if any, gives the minimum number of digits
that must appear; if the converted value requires fewer
digits, it is padded on the left with zeros. The default
precision is 1. When 0 is printed with an explicit
precision 0, the output is empty.
**o**, **u**, **x**, **X**
The _unsigned int_ argument is converted to unsigned octal
(**o**), unsigned decimal (**u**), or unsigned hexadecimal (**x** and
**X**) notation. The letters **abcdef** are used for **x**
conversions; the letters **ABCDEF** are used for **X** conversions.
The precision, if any, gives the minimum number of digits
that must appear; if the converted value requires fewer
digits, it is padded on the left with zeros. The default
precision is 1. When 0 is printed with an explicit
precision 0, the output is empty.
**e**, **E** The _double_ argument is rounded and converted in the style
[-]d**.**ddd**e**±dd where there is one digit (which is nonzero if
the argument is nonzero) before the decimal-point character
and the number of digits after it is equal to the
precision; if the precision is missing, it is taken as 6;
if the precision is zero, no decimal-point character
appears. An **E** conversion uses the letter **E** (rather than **e**)
to introduce the exponent. The exponent always contains at
least two digits; if the value is zero, the exponent is 00.
**f**, **F** The _double_ argument is rounded and converted to decimal
notation in the style [-]ddd**.**ddd, where the number of
digits after the decimal-point character is equal to the
precision specification. If the precision is missing, it
is taken as 6; if the precision is explicitly zero, no
decimal-point character appears. If a decimal point
appears, at least one digit appears before it.
(SUSv2 does not know about **F** and says that character string
representations for infinity and NaN may be made available.
SUSv3 adds a specification for **F**. The C99 standard
specifies "[-]inf" or "[-]infinity" for infinity, and a
string starting with "nan" for NaN, in the case of **f**
conversion, and "[-]INF" or "[-]INFINITY" or "NAN" in the
case of **F** conversion.)
**g**, **G** The _double_ argument is converted in style **f** or **e** (or **F** or **E**
for **G** conversions). The precision specifies the number of
significant digits. If the precision is missing, 6 digits
are given; if the precision is zero, it is treated as 1.
Style **e** is used if the exponent from its conversion is less
than -4 or greater than or equal to the precision.
Trailing zeros are removed from the fractional part of the
result; a decimal point appears only if it is followed by
at least one digit.
**a**, **A** (C99; not in SUSv2, but added in SUSv3) For **a** conversion,
the _double_ argument is converted to hexadecimal notation
(using the letters abcdef) in the style [-]**0x**h**.**hhhh**p**±d; for
**A** conversion the prefix **0X**, the letters ABCDEF, and the
exponent separator **P** is used. There is one hexadecimal
digit before the radix point, and the number of digits
after it is equal to the precision. The default precision
suffices for an exact representation of the value if an
exact representation in base 2 exists and otherwise is
sufficiently large to distinguish values of type _double_.
The digit before the radix point is unspecified for
nonnormalized numbers, and nonzero but otherwise
unspecified for normalized numbers. The exponent, _d_, is
the appropriate exponent of 2 expressed as a decimal
integer; it always contains at least one digit; if the
value is zero, the exponent is 0.
**c** If no **l** modifier is present, the _int_ argument is converted
to an _unsigned char_, and the resulting character is
written. If an **l** modifier is present, the _wintt_ (wide
character) argument is converted to a multibyte sequence by
a call to the [wcrtomb(3)](../man3/wcrtomb.3.html) function, with a conversion state
starting in the initial state, and the resulting multibyte
string is written.
**s** If no **l** modifier is present: the _const char *_ argument is
expected to be a pointer to an array of character type
(pointer to a string). Characters from the array are
written up to (but not including) a terminating null byte
('\0'); if a precision is specified, no more than the
number specified are written. If a precision is given, no
null byte need be present; if the precision is not
specified, or is greater than the size of the array, the
array must contain a terminating null byte.
If an **l** modifier is present: the _const wchart *_ argument
is expected to be a pointer to an array of wide characters.
Wide characters from the array are converted to multibyte
characters (each by a call to the [wcrtomb(3)](../man3/wcrtomb.3.html) function, with
a conversion state starting in the initial state before the
first wide character), up to and including a terminating
null wide character. The resulting multibyte characters
are written up to (but not including) the terminating null
byte. If a precision is specified, no more bytes than the
number specified are written, but no partial multibyte
characters are written. Note that the precision determines
the number of _bytes_ written, not the number of _wide_
_characters_ or _screen positions_. The array must contain a
terminating null wide character, unless a precision is
given and it is so small that the number of bytes written
exceeds it before the end of the array is reached.
**C** (Not in C99 or C11, but in SUSv2, SUSv3, and SUSv4.)
Synonym for **lc**. Don't use.
**S** (Not in C99 or C11, but in SUSv2, SUSv3, and SUSv4.)
Synonym for **ls**. Don't use.
**p** The _void *_ pointer argument is printed in hexadecimal (as
if by **%#x** or **%#lx**).
**n** The number of characters written so far is stored into the
integer pointed to by the corresponding argument. That
argument shall be an _int *_, or variant whose size matches
the (optionally) supplied integer length modifier. No
argument is converted. (This specifier is not supported by
the bionic C library.) The behavior is undefined if the
conversion specification includes any flags, a field width,
or a precision.
**m** (glibc extension; supported by uClibc and musl.) Print
output of _strerror(errno)_ (or _strerrornamenp(errno)_ in the
alternate form). No argument is required.
**%** A '%' is written. No argument is converted. The complete
conversion specification is '%%'.RETURN VALUE top
Upon successful return, these functions return the number of bytes
printed (excluding the null byte used to end output to strings).
The functions **snprintf**() and **vsnprintf**() do not write more than
_size_ bytes (including the terminating null byte ('\0')). If the
output was truncated due to this limit, then the return value is
the number of characters (excluding the terminating null byte)
which would have been written to the final string if enough space
had been available. Thus, a return value of _size_ or more means
that the output was truncated. (See also below under CAVEATS.)
If an output error is encountered, a negative value is returned.ATTRIBUTES top
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
[attributes(7)](../man7/attributes.7.html).
┌───────────────────────────────┬───────────────┬────────────────┐
│ **Interface** │ **Attribute** │ **Value** │
├───────────────────────────────┼───────────────┼────────────────┤
│ **printf**(), **fprintf**(), │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe locale │
│ **sprintf**(), **snprintf**(), │ │ │
│ **vprintf**(), **vfprintf**(), │ │ │
│ **vsprintf**(), **vsnprintf**() │ │ │
└───────────────────────────────┴───────────────┴────────────────┘STANDARDS top
**fprintf**()
**printf**()
**sprintf**()
**vprintf**()
**vfprintf**()
**vsprintf**()
**snprintf**()
**vsnprintf**()
C11, POSIX.1-2008.
**dprintf**()
**vdprintf**()
GNU, POSIX.1-2008.HISTORY top
**fprintf**()
**printf**()
**sprintf**()
**vprintf**()
**vfprintf**()
**vsprintf**()
C89, POSIX.1-2001.
**snprintf**()
**vsnprintf**()
SUSv2, C99, POSIX.1-2001.
Concerning the return value of **snprintf**(), SUSv2 and C99
contradict each other: when **snprintf**() is called with
_size_=0 then SUSv2 stipulates an unspecified return value
less than 1, while C99 allows _str_ to be NULL in this case,
and gives the return value (as always) as the number of
characters that would have been written in case the output
string has been large enough. POSIX.1-2001 and later align
their specification of **snprintf**() with C99.
**dprintf**()
**vdprintf**()
GNU, POSIX.1-2008.
Issue 4 of the X/Open Portability Guide (SUSv1, 1994) adds **'**.
glibc 2.1 adds length modifiers **hh**, **j**, **t**, and **z** and conversion
characters **a** and **A**.
glibc 2.2 adds the conversion character **F** with C99 semantics, and
the flag character **I**.
glibc 2.35 gives a meaning to the alternate form (**#**) of the **m**
conversion specifier, that is _%#m_.CAVEATS top
Some programs imprudently rely on code such as the following
sprintf(buf, "%s some further text", buf);
to append text to _buf_. However, the standards explicitly note
that the results are undefined if source and destination buffers
overlap when calling **sprintf**(), **snprintf**(), **vsprintf**(), and
**vsnprintf**(). Depending on the version of [gcc(1)](../man1/gcc.1.html) used, and the
compiler options employed, calls such as the above will **not**
produce the expected results.
The glibc implementation of the functions **snprintf**() and
**vsnprintf**() conforms to the C99 standard, that is, behaves as
described above, since glibc 2.1. Until glibc 2.0.6, they would
return -1 when the output was truncated.BUGS top
Because **sprintf**() and **vsprintf**() assume an arbitrarily long
string, callers must be careful not to overflow the actual space;
this is often impossible to assure. Note that the length of the
strings produced is locale-dependent and difficult to predict.
Use **snprintf**() and **vsnprintf**() instead (or [asprintf(3)](../man3/asprintf.3.html) and
[vasprintf(3)](../man3/vasprintf.3.html)).
Code such as **printf(**_foo_**);** often indicates a bug, since _foo_ may
contain a % character. If _foo_ comes from untrusted user input, it
may contain **%n**, causing the **printf**() call to write to memory and
creating a security hole.EXAMPLES top
To print _Pi_ to five decimal places:
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
fprintf(stdout, "pi = %.5f\n", 4 * atan(1.0));
To print a date and time in the form "Sunday, July 3, 10:02",
where _weekday_ and _month_ are pointers to strings:
#include <stdio.h>
fprintf(stdout, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\n",
weekday, month, day, hour, min);
Many countries use the day-month-year order. Hence, an
internationalized version must be able to print the arguments in
an order specified by the format:
#include <stdio.h>
fprintf(stdout, format,
weekday, month, day, hour, min);
where _format_ depends on locale, and may permute the arguments.
With the value:
"%1$s, %3$d. %2$s, %4$d:%5$.2d\n"
one might obtain "Sonntag, 3. Juli, 10:02".
To allocate a sufficiently large string and print into it (code
correct for both glibc 2.0 and glibc 2.1):
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
char *
make_message(const char *fmt, ...)
{
int n = 0;
size_t size = 0;
char *p = NULL;
va_list ap;
/* Determine required size. */
va_start(ap, fmt);
n = vsnprintf(p, size, fmt, ap);
va_end(ap);
if (n < 0)
return NULL;
size = (size_t) n + 1; /* One extra byte for '\0' */
p = malloc(size);
if (p == NULL)
return NULL;
va_start(ap, fmt);
n = vsnprintf(p, size, fmt, ap);
va_end(ap);
if (n < 0) {
free(p);
return NULL;
}
return p;
}
If truncation occurs in glibc versions prior to glibc 2.0.6, this
is treated as an error instead of being handled gracefully.SEE ALSO top
[printf(1)](../man1/printf.1.html), [asprintf(3)](../man3/asprintf.3.html), [puts(3)](../man3/puts.3.html), [scanf(3)](../man3/scanf.3.html), [setlocale(3)](../man3/setlocale.3.html),
[strfromd(3)](../man3/strfromd.3.html), [wcrtomb(3)](../man3/wcrtomb.3.html), [wprintf(3)](../man3/wprintf.3.html), [locale(5)](../man5/locale.5.html)COLOPHON top
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man-pages@man7.orgLinux man-pages 6.10 2024-11-17 printf(3)
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