THE RUSSIAN PRESENCE IN HAWAII: Kauai fort Elizabeth (original) (raw)

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INDEX
PORTUGUESE COLONIALISM
PORTUGUESE COLONIAL REMAINS:
Portuguese Colonial Remains in Africa
Portuguese Colonial Remains in America
Portuguese Colonial Remains in Asia
PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE:
Portuguese Language Heritage in Asia
A Heran�a da L�ngua Portuguesa no Oriente
Portuguese language heritage in Africa
Portugu�s em Mo�ambique por Dietrich K�ster
PORTUGUESE POPULATION:
Population of the Portuguese Settlements in India
PORTUGUESE COLONIAL EMPIRE MAPS:
The Portuguese Empire in America and Africa
The Portuguese Empire in the East
PORTUGUESE GOVERNORS:
Governors and Viceroy of Portuguese Brazil, 1549-1760
AFRICA:
Arguin: a Portuguese fort in Mauritania
The European forts in Ghana
La rivolta degli schiavi di S�o Tom�, 1595
Principe island: Fortaleza de Santo Ant�nio da Ponta da Mina
S�o Tom� e Pr�ncipe: Situa��o actual e Perspectivas de Desenvolvimento por Dietrich K�ster
Madagascar: a mysterious settlement
Madagascar: une myst�rieuse colonie
Mombasa a Portuguese fortress in Kenya
**ASIA:
ARABIA:
The Portuguese in Arabia Peninsula and in the Persic Gulf (Hormuz, Oman, Mascate, Bahrein)
Borca Fort
Curiate and Sidabo Forts
Doba Fort
Mada and Libidia Forts
Mascate Fort
Matar� (Matrah) Fort
Quelba and Corfa��o Forts
Sibo Fort
Soar Fort
INDIA:
Portuguese India: DIU, a Portuguese fortress in Gujarat
Portuguese India: the Northern Province (Provincia do Norte) Ba�aim, Chaul, Damao, Bombaim
Portuguese India: Ba�aim, Bassein, Vasai by Sushant Raut
Portuguese India: Goa, Rainha do Oriente
Portuguese India: Cochin and Malabar
The Portuguese in the Bay of Bengal
SRI LANKA (CEYLON):
The Portuguese in Ceylon
Les Portugais a Ceylan
Ribeiro's narrative of the Portuguese fortresses and settlements in Ceylon
La storia di Batticaloa
La storia di Trincomale
Forts and Churches in Sri Lanka
Maps of the territorial expansion of the Dutch and the Portuguese in Ceylon
The last years of the Portuguese presence in Ceylon, the war against the Dutch
INDEXES of reviews about CEYLON:
Index of the Aquinas Journal
BURMA:
The Portuguese in Burma
MALAYSIA:
Portuguese Malacca
INDONESIA:
Makassar and the Portuguese
The Portuguese in the Spices Islands: the Moluccas, Solor, Timor
Report of the visits to Solor and Ende forts by Mark Schellekens
Photos of Portuguese fort in Ende by Mark Schellekens
Photos of Portuguese fort in Solor by Mark Schellekens
TIMOR LESTE:
Timor Leste East Timor Timor Est
Cronologia dell'espansione portoghese a Timor di Davide Parassoni
CHINA-JAPAN:
Macao: the last colony
**SOUTH AMERICA:
**BRAZIL:
Parati
Salvador (Bahia)
Forts of Salvador (Bahia)
Recife
Forts of Recife
Olinda
Igarassu
Forts of Fernando de Noronha
Fortaleza of Nossa Senhora dos Rem�dios, Fernando de Noronha
**URUGUAY:
Colonia del Sacramento by Pedro Gon�alves
CHRONOLOGIES:
PORTUGUESE SETTLEMENTS:
Chronological list of Portuguese possessions in West Africa
Chronological list of Portuguese possessions in East Africa
Chronological list of Portuguese possessions in Asia: Arabia
Chronological list of Portuguese possessions in Asia: India and Bangladesh
Chronological list of Portuguese possessions in Asia: Sri Lanka
Chronological list of Portuguese possessions in Asia: South East and Far East
Chronological list of Portuguese possessions in America
As Independ�ncias do Ultramar Portugu�s por Dietrich K�ster
PORTUGUESE BIBLIOGRAPHIES:
Portuguese Bibliography General
Portuguese Bibliography Africa
Portuguese Bibliography America
Portuguese Bibliography Asia General
Portuguese Bibliography Middle East
Portuguese Bibliography India
Portuguese Bibliography Sri Lanka
Portuguese Bibliography East Asia
Portuguese Bibliography Varied
DUTCH COLONIALISM
DUTCH REMAINS:
Dutch Colonial Remains in Africa
Dutch Colonial Remains in America
Dutch Colonial Remains in Asia
DUTCH COLONIAL EMPIRE MAPS:
WIC Empire in the Atlantic
VOC Empire in Asia
Map of the Dutch settlements in Guyana and Suriname (1600-1750)
DUTCH COMPANIES:
WIC: West-Indische Compagnie, Dutch West India Company
VOC: Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, Dutch East India Company
DUTCH GOVERNORS:
Governors of the Dutch East Indies
AFRICA:
The European forts in Ghana
Gli Olandesi a S�o Tom� e Principe
The Dutch in South Africa
The Afrikaans language in South Africa
The Dutch in Mauritius
INDIA:
The Dutch in India: Malabar
The Dutch in India: Coromandel
The Dutch in Bengal
SRI LANKA (CEYLON):
The Dutch in Ceylon: the Burghers
La storia di Batticaloa
La storia di Trincomale
Forts and Churches in Sri Lanka
Maps of the territorial expansion of the Dutch and the Portuguese in Ceylon
The last years of the Portuguese presence in Ceylon, the war against the Dutch
INDEXES of reviews about CEYLON:
Index of the Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon
MALAYSIA:
Dutch Malacca
TAIWAN (FORMOSA):
The Dutch in Formosa
CHINA-JAPAN
Dutch Graves of Macau by Magiel Venema
INDONESIA:
Dutch Batavia (Jakarta)
OCEANIA:
**Espansione coloniale in Nuova Guinea di Davide Parassoni
****The Voc and Australia** by Peter Reynders
**NORTH AMERICA:
**The Dutch in North America: New Netherland (Dutch New York), Acadia
**CARIBBEAN:
The Dutch and the Courlanders in Tobago
**SOUTH AMERICA:
The Dutch in Brazil
The Dutch conquest and occupation of Salvador de Bahia (1624-1625)
Fort Oranje (Orange), Itamarac�: a Dutch fortress in Brazil
Photos of Fort Oranje (Orange), Itamarac�
The Dutch in Chile: Hendrick Brouwer expedition in Valdivia by Robbert Kock
CHRONOLOGIES:
DUTCH SETTLEMENTS:
Chronological list of Dutch possessions in North America
Chronological list of Dutch possessions in Central America
Chronological list of Dutch possessions in South America
Chronological list of Dutch possessions in Africa
Chronological list of Dutch possessions in Asia: Arabia and Persian Gulf
Chronological list of Dutch possessions in Asia: Far East (from Bangladesh to Japan)
DUTCH BIBLIOGRAPHIES:
Dutch Bibliography
Dutch Bibliography Africa
Dutch Bibliography America
Dutch Bibliography Asia
Dutch Bibliography Oceania
OTHER COLONIALISM
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Others Colonialism Bibliography: German, Danish, Swedish, French, Spanish
COURLAND COLONIALISM
**CARIBBEAN:
The Dutch and the Courlanders in Tobago
DANISH COLONIALISM
REMAINS:
Danish Colonial Remains
AFRICA:
The European forts in Ghana
ASIA:
Trankebar - Tranquebar
CHRONOLOGIES:
DANISH SETTLEMENTS:
Chronological list of Danish possessions
FRENCH COLONIALISM
**SOUTH AMERICA:
The French in Brazil: Saint-Alexis, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Luis do Maranhao
Franceses no Brasil
Fran�ais au Br�sil
OCEANIA:
French Colonialism: New Caledonie-Nouvelle Caledonie: Fort Teremba (Grande Terre)
**French Colonialism: New Caledonie-Nouvelle Caledonie: Ile des Pines
GERMAN COLONIALISM
REMAINS:
Brandenburg Colonial Remains
AFRICA:
The European forts in Ghana
**SOUTH AMERICA:
1824-2004: 180 anos de migra��o alem� para o Brasil por Dietrich K�ster
1824-2004: 180 Jahre deutsche Auswanderung nach Brasilien von Dietrich K�ster
OCEANIA:
Deutsch Samoa
**Espansione coloniale in Nuova Guinea di Davide Parassoni
1565-1994 Mikronesien - vergessene Inselwelt im Pazifik von Dietrich K�ster
CHRONOLOGIES:
Sviluppo Politico delle Ex-Colonie Tedesche a partire dal 1920 di Dietrich K�ster
Fortschreibung der vormaligen deutschen Kolonien seit 1920 von Dietrich K�ster
Desenvolvimento das antigas Col�nias alem�s desde 1920 por Dietrich K�ster
ITALIAN COLONIALISM
Italian Colonial Bibliography
RUSSIAN COLONIALISM
**NORTH AMERICA:
The Russian presence in America
OCEANIA:
The Russian presence in Hawaii
SPANISH COLONIALISM
REMAINS:
Spanish Colonial Remains: Asia, Africa, Oceania
INDONESIA:
**The Spanish presence in the Moluccas
**SOUTH AMERICA:
The Jesuits Missions (Reducciones) in Paraguay,Bolivia, Argentina,Brazil
Photos of the Jesuit mission of San Ignacio Mini, Argentina
Jesuit Eastern Bolivia Missions by Geoffrey Groesbeck
Photos of the Jesuit mission of Concepci�n, Bolivia by Geoffrey Groesbeck
Photos of the Jesuit mission of Santa Ana de Velasco, Bolivia by Geoffrey Groesbeck
Photos of the Jesuit mission of San Ignacio de Velasco, Bolivia by Geoffrey Groesbeck
Photos of the Jesuit mission of San Javier, Bolivia by Geoffrey Groesbeck
Photos of the Jesuit mission of San Miguel de Velasco, Bolivia by Geoffrey Groesbeck
Photos of the Jesuit mission of San Rafael de Velasco, Bolivia by Geoffrey Groesbeck
SWEDISH COLONIALISM
REMAINS:
Swedish Colonial Remains
AFRICA:
The European forts in Ghana
**NORTH AMERICA:
**The Swedes in North America: Nya Sverige, New Sweden
BOOKS:
Received books on Colonial history
LINKS:
Portuguese Colonial History Links
Dutch Colonial History Links
Miscellaneous Colonial History Links
Copyright � 1998-2006, Marco Ramerini. All rights reserved. e-mailLast update: 02/12/2006
THE RUSSIAN PRESENCE IN HAWAII Written by Marco Ramerini Russian Flag
Early in the19th century, Russian fur traders established trading centers from Siberia into North American continent, Russian cargo vessels regularly transected the northern Pacific Ocean. In January 1815, a Russian-American Company vessel, named Bering, that traded furs for food throughout the Hawaiian Islands, was shipwrecked at Waimea, Kauai. The ship and the cargo were confiscated by Kaumualii, king of Kauai, subsequently, the Russian-American Company sent an agent, Georg Anton Sch�ffer (a German surgeon of one of the Company vessel), to diplomatically recover the company's lost properties. Sch�ffer mission was to gain the confidence of Kamehameha I to whom in 1810, Kaumualii had acknowledged sovereignty, once the bond existed between Sch�ffer and Kamehameha I, he was to reveal the true character of his mission and request Kamehameha's assistance in securing compensation from Kaumualii for the confiscated cargo. Despite opposition from a group of American traders who had gained Kamehameha's trust, by early 1816, Sch�ffer had been successful in obtaining fishing rights, livestock, and a land grant to establish a post on Oahu. Kamehameha I, however, did not lend the anticipated assistance. Georg Anton Sch�ffer tried an alternate plan: in May 1816 Sch�ffer went to Hawaii, and then to Kauai, dealing directly with Kaumualii, he was successful in securing a contract guaranteeing payament for his confiscated cargo. On 1 July 1816, Sch�ffer also entered into a secret treaty with Kaumualii in which he pledged arms and ships for an invasion of the islands of Oahu, Lanai, Maui and Molokai which Kaumualii felt were his. In return Kaumualii promised to the Russian half of the island of Oahu and all the sandalwood on Oahu and Kauai, the Russian also would be permitted to built factories on all of Kaumualii newly conquered islands. At Hanalei (Princeville) Sch�ffer opened a trading post, and started construction of a house. On 12 September 1816, Sch�ffer started the works of fortification of fort Elizabeth on a bluff overlooking the spot at the mouth of the Waimea River. On October 1816, at Hanalei (Princeville) Sch�ffer constructed two earthwork forts, one named Fort Alexander in honor of the Tzar and the other known as Fort Barclay. Hanalei was renamed Sch�fferthal.

Russian forts in Kauai

Fort Elizabeth is the only Russian fort in Hawaii that is still visible today, it's situated on the east bank at mouth of the Waimea River, it was built between 1816 and 1817 by the Russian-American Company in alliance with the king of Kauai, Kaumualii. Georg Anton Sch�ffer designed the fort and directed the works that were done by Hawaiian work force. While construction proceeded, Sch�ffer received word that his crew had been expelled from Oahu for building a fort and for raising a Russian flag on it. Alarmed by all this activity, before the year was out, the natives of Hanalei had revolted, leveled the forts at Hanalei burning a distillery which had just been built, and killing one of the Aleut workers employed by Sch�ffer.

On 8 May 1817, the Russian were expelled from Hawaii and the Hawaiians took over the fort, they finished the fort and made modifications an additions. The fort was occupied by Hawaiians until it was dismantled in 1864 by order of the Hawaiian government.

The hexagonal star-like fort had walls reaching 3,66 metres in height and 91,44 metres in diameter and consisting of three layers: an earthen embankment, a layer of lava rock, and a hard-packed earth layer with a stone walkway atop. The compound included a guardroom, magazine, barracks, cannon emplacements and a trading post. Only the remains of the outer walls are left.

Biblioghrapy:

AA.VV. "Russian Fort Elizabeth, 1815-1864" State of Hawaii

Pierce, Richard "Russia's Hawaiian Adventure, 1815-1817" 1965

BOOKS ABOUT RUSSIAN HAWAII:

PHOTOS ABOUT KAUAI ISLAND