Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP) attribute in Session Description Protocol (SDP) (original) (raw)

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PROPOSED STANDARD
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Network Working Group C. Huitema Request for Comments: 3605 Microsoft Category: Standards Track October 2003

        Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP) attribute in
              Session Description Protocol (SDP)

Status of this Memo

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

The Session Description Protocol (SDP) is used to describe the parameters of media streams used in multimedia sessions. When a session requires multiple ports, SDP assumes that these ports have consecutive numbers. However, when the session crosses a network address translation device that also uses port mapping, the ordering of ports can be destroyed by the translation. To handle this, we propose an extension attribute to SDP.

1. Introduction

The session invitation protocol (SIP, [[RFC3261](./rfc3261 ""SIP: Session Initiation Protocol"")]) is often used to establish multi-media sessions on the Internet. There are often cases today in which one or both ends of the connection are hidden behind a network address translation device [[RFC2766](./rfc2766 ""Network Address Translation - Protocol Translation (NAT-PT)"")]. In this case, the SDP text must document the IP addresses and UDP ports as they appear on the "public Internet" side of the NAT. In this memo, we will suppose that the host located behind a NAT has a way to obtain these numbers. A possible way to learn these numbers is briefly outlined in section 3, however, just learning the numbers is not enough.

The SIP messages use the encoding defined in SDP [[RFC2327](./rfc2327 ""SDP: Session Description Protocol"")] to describe the IP addresses and TCP or UDP ports used by the various media. Audio and video are typically sent using RTP [[RFC3550](./rfc3550 ""RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications"")], which requires two UDP ports, one for the media and one for the control protocol (RTCP). SDP carries only one port number per media, and

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states that "other ports used by the media application (such as the RTCP port) should be derived algorithmically from the base media port." RTCP port numbers were necessarily derived from the base media port in older versions of RTP (such as [[RFC1889](./rfc1889 ""RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications"")]), but now that this restriction has been lifted, there is a need to specify RTCP ports explicitly in SDP. Note, however, that implementations of RTP adhering to the earlier [[RFC1889](./rfc1889 ""RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications"")] specification may not be able to make use of the SDP attributes specified in this document.

When the NAT device performs port mapping, there is no guarantee that the mappings of two separate ports reflects the sequencing and the parity of the original port numbers; in fact, when the NAT manages a pool of IP addresses, it is even possible that the RTP and the RTCP ports may be mapped to different addresses. In order to successfully establish connections despite the misordering of the port numbers and the possible parity switches caused by the NAT, we propose to use a specific SDP attribute to document the RTCP port and optionally the RTCP address.

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [[RFC2119](./rfc2119 ""Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels"")].

2. Description of the Solution

The main part of our solution is the declaration of an SDP attribute for documenting the port used by RTCP.

2.1. The RTCP Attribute

The RTCP attribute is used to document the RTCP port used for media stream, when that port is not the next higher (odd) port number following the RTP port described in the media line. The RTCP attribute is a "value" attribute, and follows the general syntax specified page 18 of [[RFC2327](./rfc2327 ""SDP: Session Description Protocol"")]: "a=:". For the RTCP attribute:

• the name is the ascii string "rtcp" (lower case),

• the value is the RTCP port number and optional address.

The formal description of the attribute is defined by the following ABNF [[RFC2234](./rfc2234 ""Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF"")] syntax:

rtcp-attribute = "a=rtcp:" port [nettype space addrtype space connection-address] CRLF

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In this description, the "port", "nettype", "addrtype" and "connection-address" tokens are defined as specified in "Appendix A: SDP Grammar" of [[RFC2327](./rfc2327 ""SDP: Session Description Protocol"")].

Example encodings could be:

m=audio 49170 RTP/AVP 0
a=rtcp:53020

m=audio 49170 RTP/AVP 0
a=rtcp:53020 IN IP4 126.16.64.4

m=audio 49170 RTP/AVP 0
a=rtcp:53020 IN IP6 2001:2345:6789:ABCD:EF01:2345:6789:ABCD

The RTCP attribute MAY be used as a media level attribute; it MUST NOT be used as a session level attribute. Though the examples below relate to a method that will return only unicast addresses, both unicast and multicast values are valid.

3. Discussion of the Solution

The implementation of the solution is fairly straightforward. The questions that have been most often asked regarding this solution are whether this is useful, i.e., whether a host can actually discover port numbers in an unmodified NAT, whether it is sufficient, i.e., whether or not there is a need to document more than one ancillary port per media type, and whether why should not change the media definition instead of adding a new attribute.

3.1. How do we Discover Port Numbers?

The proposed solution is only useful if the host can discover the "translated port numbers", i.e., the value of the ports as they appear on the "external side" of the NAT. One possibility is to ask the cooperation of a well connected third party that will act as a server according to STUN [[RFC3489](./rfc3489 ""STUN - Simple Traversal of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Through Network Address Translators (NATs)"")]. We thus obtain a four step process:

1 - The host allocates two UDP ports numbers for an RTP/RTCP pair,

2 - The host sends a UDP message from each port to the STUN server,

3 - The STUN server reads the source address and port of the packet, and copies them in the text of a reply,

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4 - The host parses the reply according to the STUN protocol and learns the external address and port corresponding to each of the two UDP ports.

This algorithm supposes that the NAT will use the same translation for packets sent to the third party and to the "SDP peer" with which the host wants to establish a connection. There is no guarantee that all NAT boxes deployed on the Internet have this characteristic. Implementers are referred to the STUN specification [[RFC3489](./rfc3489 ""STUN - Simple Traversal of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Through Network Address Translators (NATs)"")] for an extensive discussion of the various types of NAT.

3.2. Do we need to Support Multiple Ports?

Most media streams are transmitted using a single pair of RTP and RTCP ports. It is possible, however, to transmit a single media over several RTP flows, for example using hierarchical encoding. In this case, SDP will encode the port number used by RTP on the first flow, and the number of flows, as in:

  m=video 49170/2 RTP/AVP 31

In this example, the media is sent over 2 consecutive pairs of ports, corresponding respectively to RTP for the first flow (even number, 49170), RTCP for the first flow (odd number, 49171), RTP for the second flow (even number, 49172), and RTCP for the second flow (odd number, 49173).

In theory, it would be possible to modify SDP and document the many ports corresponding to the separate encoding layers. However, layered encoding is not much used in practice, and when used is mostly used in conjunction with multicast transmission. The translation issues documented in this memo apply uniquely to unicast transmission, and thus there is no short term need for the support of multiple port descriptions. It is more convenient and more robust to focus on the simple case in which a media is sent over exactly one RTP/RTCP stream.

3.3. Why not Expand the Media Definition?

The RTP ports are documented in the media description line, and it would seem convenient to document the RTCP port at the same place, rather than create an RTCP attribute. We considered this design alternative and rejected it for two reasons: adding an extra port number and an option address in the media description would be awkward, and more importantly it would create problems with existing applications, which would have to reject the entire media description if they did not understand the extension. On the contrary, adding an attribute has a well defined failure mode: implementations that don't

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understand the "a=rtcp" attribute will simply ignore it; they will fail to send RTCP packets to the specified address, but they will at least be able to receive the media in the RTP packets.

4. UNSAF Considerations

The RTCP attribute in SDP is used to enable establishment of RTP/RTCP flows through NAT. This mechanism can be used in conjunction with an address discovery mechanism such as STUN [[RFC3489](./rfc3489 ""STUN - Simple Traversal of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Through Network Address Translators (NATs)"")]. STUN is a short term fix to the NAT traversal problem, which requires thus consideration of the general issues linked to "Unilateral self- address fixing" [[RFC3424](./rfc3424 ""IAB considerations for UNilateral Self- Address Fixing (UNSAF) across network address translation"")].

The RTCP attribute addresses a very specific problem, the documentation of port numbers as they appear after address translation by a port-mapping NAT. The RTCP attribute SHOULD NOT be used for other applications.

We expect that, with time, one of two exit strategies can be developed. The IETF may develop an explicit "middlebox control" protocol that will enable applications to obtain a pair of port numbers appropriate for RTP and RTCP. Another possibility is the deployment of IPv6, which will enable use of "end to end" addressing and guarantee that the two hosts will be able to use appropriate ports. In both cases, there will be no need for documenting a "non standard" RTCP port with the RTCP attribute.

5. Security Considerations

This SDP extension is not believed to introduce any significant security risk to multi-media applications. One could conceive that a malevolent third party would use the extension to redirect the RTCP fraction of an RTP exchange, but this requires intercepting and rewriting the signaling packet carrying the SDP text; if an interceptor can do that, many more attacks are available, including a wholesale change of the addresses and port numbers at which the media will be sent.

In order to avoid attacks of this sort, when SDP is used in a signaling packet where it is of the form application/sdp, end-to-end integrity using S/MIME [[RFC3369](./rfc3369 ""Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)"")] is the technical method to be implemented and applied. This is compatible with SIP [[RFC3261](./rfc3261 ""SIP: Session Initiation Protocol"")].

6. IANA Considerations

This document defines a new SDP parameter, the attribute field "rtcp", which per [[RFC2327](./rfc2327 ""SDP: Session Description Protocol"")] has been registered by IANA. This attribute field is designed for use at media level only.

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7. Intellectual Property Statement

The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use other technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it has made any effort to identify any such rights. Information on the IETF's procedures with respect to rights in standards-track and standards-related documentation can be found in BCP-11. Copies of claims of rights made available for publication and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF Secretariat.

The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights which may cover technology that may be required to practice this standard. Please address the information to the IETF Executive Director.

8. Acknowledgements

The original idea for using the "rtcp" attribute was developed by Ann Demirtjis. The document was reviewed by the MMUSIC and AVT working groups of the IETF.

9. References

9.1. Normative References

[RFC1889] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R. and V. Jacobson. "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", RFC 1889, January 1996.

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

[RFC2234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.

[RFC2327] Handley, M. and V. Jacobson, "SDP: Session Description Protocol", RFC 2327, April 1998.

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[RFC3489] Rosenberg, J., Weinberger, J., Huitema, C. and R. Mahy. "STUN - Simple Traversal of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Through Network Address Translators (NATs)", RFC 3489, March 2003.

[RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R. and V. Jacobson. "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", RFC 3550, July 2003.

9.2. Informative References

[RFC2766] Tsirtsis, G. and P. Srisuresh. "Network Address Translation - Protocol Translation (NAT-PT)", RFC 2766, February 2000.

[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M. and E. Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.

[RFC3369] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", RFC 3369, August 2002.

[RFC3424] Daigle, L., "IAB considerations for UNilateral Self- Address Fixing (UNSAF) across network address translation", RFC 3424, November 2002.

10. Author's Address

Christian Huitema Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052-6399

EMail: huitema@microsoft.com

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11. Full Copyright Statement

Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.

This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English.

The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assignees.

This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Acknowledgement

Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society.

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