PCA Alien Plant Working Group (original) (raw)

• Photographic List
• Complete List
  • Annual bastard-cabbage
  • Amur corktree
  • Asiatic colubrina
  • Asiatic sand sedge
  • Australian pine
  • Black locust
  • Black swallow-wort
  • Burma reed
  • Bush honeysuckles (exotic)
  • Canada thistle
  • Carrotwood
  • Chinaberry
  • Chinese lespedeza
  • Chinese wisteria
  • Climbing euonymus
  • Cogon grass
  • Common buckthorn
  • Common mullein
  • Common reed
  • English ivy
  • Eurasian watermilfoil
  • Fig buttercup
  • Fire tree
  • Fiveleaf akebia
  • Fountain grass
  • Garlic mustard
  • Goutweed
  • Giant reed
  • Japanese barberry
  • Japanese hop
  • Japanese honeysuckle
  • Japanese knotweed
  • Japanese spiraea
  • Japanese stiltgrass
  • Japanese wisteria
  • Kudzu
  • Leafy spurge
  • Melaleuca
  • Mile-a-minute
  • Multiflora rose
  • Musk thistle
  • Oriental bittersweet
  • Pale swallow-wort
  • Paper mulberry
  • Perennial pepperweed
  • Porcelainberry
  • Princess tree
  • Purple loosestrife
  • Russian-olive
  • Salt cedar
  • Siberian elm
  • Silk tree
  • Smooth cordgrass
  • Spotted knapweed
  • Strawberry guava
  • Tall fescue
  • Tree-of-heaven
  • Velvet tree
  • West Indian marsh grass
  • White poplar
  • Wineberry
  • Yellow Himalayan raspberry
  • Yellow starthistle
• Aquatics
  • Eurasian watermilfoil
• Herbaceous Plants
  • Annual bastard-cabbage
  • Asiatic sand sedge
  • Burma reed
  • Canada thistle
  • Cogon grass
  • Chinese lespedeza
  • Common mullein
  • Common reed
  • Eurasian watermilfoil
  • Fig buttercup
  • Fountain grass
  • Garlic mustard
  • Goutweed
  • Giant reed
  • Japanese knotweed
  • Japanese stiltgrass
  • Leafy spurge
  • Musk thistle
  • Perennial pepperweed
  • Purple loosestrife
  • Smooth cordgrass
  • Spotted knapweed
  • Tall fescue
  • West Indian marsh grass
  • Yellow starthistle
• Shrubs
  • Asiatic colubrina
  • Bush honeysuckles (exotic)
  • Common buckthorn
  • Fire tree
  • Japanese barberry
  • Japanese spiraea
  • Multiflora rose
  • Russian-olive
  • Silk tree
  • Strawberry guava
  • Wineberry
  • Yellow Himalayan raspberry
• Trees
  • Amur corktree
  • Australian pine
  • Black locust
  • Carrotwood
  • Chinaberry
  • Common buckthorn
  • Melaleuca
  • Paper mulberry
  • Princess tree
  • Salt cedar
  • Siberian elm
  • Silk tree
  • Strawberry guava
  • Tree-of-heaven
  • Velvet tree
  • White poplar
• Vines
  • Black swallow-wort
  • Chinese wisteria
  • Climbing euonymus
  • English ivy
  • Fiveleaf akebia
  • Japanese honeysuckle
  • Japanese hop
  • Japanese wisteria
  • Kudzu
  • Mile-a-minute
  • Oriental bittersweet
  • Pale swallow-wort
  • Porcelainberry

NATIVE RANGE Temperate and tropical Asia (China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea) and Australia, and the Solomon Islands

DESCRIPTION Chinaberry, also called pride-of-India, umbrella-tree, and Persian lilac, is a fast-growing tree that can grow to 50 feet tall. Its twigs are slightly purple with light-brown spots (lenticels). The leaves are large (up to 2 ft. long), blue-green, with long stalks (petioles), and doubly compound (i.e., divided twice into smaller leaflets). Individual leaflets are toothed and pointed. The leaves turn golden-yellow in the fall. Flowers are small but showy, appearing in clusters at the end of branches in early spring. Each flower has five narrow pink petals surrounding a central purple-red tube. Fruits are round yellow berries, which mature into brown leathery seed capsules.

NOTE: Chinaberry may be confused with a native shrub, common elderberry (Sambucus canadensis). When in flower or fruit the two species may be distinguished by the color of those features; elderberry exhibits white flowers and dark-purple berries.

ECOLOGICAL THREAT This fast-growing tree can form dense thickets that crowd out native vegetation. Chinaberry fruit is poisonous to humans and small mammals. Leaves and roots release compounds that inhibit the germination and growth of other plant species (allelopathy).

DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES According to the Plant Conservation Alliance’s WeedUS Database, Chinaberry has been reported to be invasive in natural areas in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. The USDA Plants Database shows it as occurring across the southern half of the United States from California to Virginia and New York State.

HABITAT IN THE UNITED STATES Chinaberry grows under a variety of conditions, but is most invasive in riparian and disturbed areas. Specimens are frequently found on rural home sites, both abandoned and occupied, throughout the southeast. The species is common in the horticultural market. In the SC piedmont, Chinaberry commonly invades open pine stands in the absence of fire, particularly following the treatment of other non-native invasive plant species such as kudzu.

BACKGROUND Chinaberry was introduced into the continental United States at Charleston, South Carolina, during the last quarter of the 18th century. Extracts from the leaves and bark have been used medicinally.

BIOLOGY & SPREAD Chinaberry trees are prolific seed-producers. Seeds are spread widely by birds and water. Birds disperse seeds to new locations, often far from the parent plant. Seeds falling from trees along riparian areas may be carried downstream. Seeds can survive drying out and can still germinate after several years.

MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

Biological
There are no known biological control agents available for this plant.

Chemical
The most effective method for controlling Chinaberry is with herbicides. Herbicides can be applied to leaves, bark, and cut stumps, and can be injected into larger trees (see “hack and squirt”). Because initial treatment may miss individual plants and some treated plants may resprout, multiple treatments are usually necessary to successfully eradicate Chinaberry.

Foliar application
Application of triclopyr (Garlon® 3A or Garlon® 4 at 2%) and imazapyr (Arsenal® AC at 1%) to leaves can kill seedlings, but may not kill root systems of larger trees. Application is most effective in the summer and fall. Care must be taken since adjacent, desirable plants may also be killed (especially with imazapyr).

Basal application
Applications of triclopyr (Garlon® 4 at 20%) in an oil carrier to the bark of smaller trees and saplings are effective at killing chinaberry.

Cut stump application
For cut stump applications, trees can be cut down or girdled followed by herbicide application directly to the cut stem. Herbicide should be applied immediately (within 5 minutes) after the stump is cut. Effective herbicides include imazapyr (Arsenal® AC), picloram (Pathway®), and triclopyr (Pathfinder II® and Garlon® 3A). This method is especially useful for larger trees and works best in late summer or fall. Do not use this method in the spring, because the upward sap flow to young leaves can push the herbicide out of the plant.

Hack and Squirt (Injection)
The herbicides Habitat® (approved for wetlands) or Arsenal® in a 50% water-herbicide solution will probably kill Chinaberry. This technique involves using a sharpened hand axe to make a downward angled cut into the trunk and squirting the mixture immediately into the cut. This method also works well on tallowtree but has not yet been tested on Chinaberry.

Manual
Manual control of Chinaberry is generally considered to be effective only during the initial stages of invasion. Seedlings can be hand-pulled or dug up, but any root fragments left behind will resprout.

Mechanical
Trees can be cut down using a chain saw but because they typically resprout after being cut, this is a less desirable alternative. However, cutting followed by treatment with herbicide can be quite effective (see Chemical above).

USE PESTICIDES WISELY: ALWAYS READ THE ENTIRE PESTICIDE LABEL CAREFULLY, FOLLOW ALL MIXING AND APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS AND WEAR ALL RECOMMENDED PERSONAL PROTECTIVE GEAR AND CLOTHING. CONTACT YOUR STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR ANY ADDITIONAL PESTICIDE USE REQUIREMENTS, RESTRICTIONS OR RECOMMENDATIONS.

NOTICE: MENTION OF PESTICIDE PRODUCTS ON THIS WEB SITE DOES NOT CONSTITUTE ENDORSEMENT OF ANY MATERIAL.

CONTACTS For more information on the management of Chinaberry, please contact:

• John A. Brubaker, President, South Carolina Exotic Pest Plant Council, Awendaw, SC; brubakerj(at)tds.net
• Robin Mackie, Forest NNIS and T&E Species Program Manager, Francis Marion and Sumter National Forest, Columbia, SC; rmackie(at)fs.fed.us
• Billy McCord, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources; McCordB(at)dnr.sc.gov
• Charlotte Reemts, The Nature Conservancy, Fort Hood, TX; creemts(at)tnc.org

SUGGESTED ALTERNATIVE PLANTS Many native species are excellent ornamental alternatives to Chinaberry. Native plum species (Prunus spp.) provide spring interest and attract wildlife. Native maples (Acer spp.) provide similar fall interest. Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) or Devils-walking stick (Aralia spinosa) may be good substitutes if smaller plants with large compound leaves are desired. Check with your local native plant society for specific suggestions for your area.

OTHER LINKS

• Photos at invasive.org
• CalPhotos from University of California, Berkeley
• University of Florida Center for Aquatic and Invasive Species
• University of South Florida Atlas of Vascular Plants
• U.S. Department of Agriculture PLANTS Database

AUTHOR Charlotte Reemts, The Nature Conservancy, Fort Hood, TX

EDITOR Jil M. Swearingen, National Park Service, Center for Urban Ecology, Washington, DC

REVIEWERS
John A. Brubaker, President, South Carolina Exotic Pest Plant Council, Awendaw, SC
Robin Mackie, Forest NNIS and T&E Species Program Manager, Francis Marion and Sumter National Forest, Columbia, SC
Billy McCord, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, SC

PHOTOGRAPHS Charlotte Reemts, The Nature Conservancy, Fort Hood, TX (foliage)
Chris Evans, River to River CWMA, Bugwood.org (flowers)
Cheryl McCormick, University of Florida, Bugwood.org (fruits)

REFERENCES Batcher, M.S. 2000. Element Stewardship Abstract for Melia azedarach. The Nature Conservancy.

Hong, N.H., T. D. Xuan, E. Tsuzuki, H. Terao, M. Matsuo, and T. D. Khanh. 2004. Weed control of four higher plant species in paddy rice fields in southeast Asia. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 190: 59-64.

Hong, T.D. and R.H.Ellis. 1998. Contrasting seed storage behaviour among different species of Meliaceae. Seed Science and Technology 26(1): 77-95.

Kline, W.N., and J.G. Duquesnel. 1996. Management of invasive exotic plants with herbicides in Florida. Down to Earth 51.

Langeland, K.A. & K. Craddock Burks. 1998. Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. Institute for Food and Agriculture Service Publication SP 257. 165 pp.

Miller, James H. 2003. Nonnative invasive plants of southern forests: a field guide for identification and control. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS–62. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 93 p.

Swearingen, J. 2009. WeedUS Database of Plants Invading Natural Areas in the United States: Chinaberry (Melia azedarach). http://www.invasive.org/weedus/subject.html?sub=3049\.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2000. Forest Service, Southern Region, National Forests in Florida, September, Protection Report R8-PR 50.

USDA, NRCS. 2009. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2008. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?23936

Plant Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group.