Braggite (original) (raw)

A valid IMA mineral species

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About BraggiteHide

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06884730014946346585195.jpg

Crystal System:

Tetragonal

Name:

Named by F.A. Bannister in 1932 in honor of Sir William Henry Bragg (2 July 1862, Wigton, Cumberland, England - 12 March 1942, London, England), physicist, chemist, mathematician at the University of Adelaide, University of Leeds, University College London, and the Royal Institution and his son Sir William Lawrence Bragg (31 March 1890, Adelaide, South Australia - 1 July 1971, Waldringfield, Ipswich, Suffolk, England), physicist and X-ray crystallographer at the University of Manchester and University of Cambridge.

This father-son team was awarded the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics, "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays". This revolutionized crystallography and mineralogy. The mineral braggite was the first new mineral isolated and determined by these x-ray methods.

Braggite-Vysotskite Series.

Braggite is stabilised by Pd (and Ni) contents, while cooperite (PtS) is not.
There is a miscibility gap between cooperite and braggite (Merkle & Verryn, 2003).

Unique IdentifiersHide

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Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:751:3

a5c9f6b3-98c0-45ff-92e3-f9875c340e90

IMA Classification of BraggiteHide

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IMA status notes:

Redefined by the IMA

Approval history:

Grandfathered
Redefined by IMA 2022 (proposal 22-E) as PdPt3S4

Type description reference:

Classification of BraggiteHide

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2.CC.35a

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
C : With Ni, Fe, Co, PGE, etc.

2.8.5.3

2 : SULFIDES
8 : AmXp, with m:p = 1:1

3.12.45

3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
12 : Sulphides etc. of the platinum metals

Mineral SymbolsHide

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As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol Source Reference
Bg IMA–CNMNC Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Brg The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Pronunciation of BraggiteHide

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Pronunciation:

Play Recorded by Country
Sorry, your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio. Jolyon Ralph United Kingdom

Physical Properties of BraggiteHide

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Hardness:

VHN100=946 - 1064 kg/mm2 - Vickers

Density:

9.63 g/cm3 (Measured) 9.383 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of BraggiteHide

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Anisotropism:

Distinct in purplish and pinkish shades of gray and brown

Reflectivity:

Wavelength R1 R2
400nm 41.3% 41.8%
440nm 42.1% 43.0%
480nm 42.5% 43.8%
520nm 42.7% 44.2%
560nm 42.5% 44.2%
600nm 42.3% 44.1%
640nm 41.9% 44.0%
680nm 41.9% 43.8%
700nm 41.5% 43.8%

Reflectance graph
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 44.2%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red

Colour in reflected light:

White

Chemistry of BraggiteHide

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Crystallography of BraggiteHide

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Crystal System:

Tetragonal

Class (H-M):

4/m - Dipyramidal

Cell Parameters:

a = 6.367 Å, c = 6.561 Å

Unit Cell V:

265.97 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Prisms to 2 cm.

Twinning:

Sometimes observed

Crystal StructureHide

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ID Species Reference Link Year Locality Pressure (GPa) Temp (K)
0009481 Braggite Childs J D, Hall S R (1973) The crystal structure of braggite, (Pt,Pd,Ni)S Acta Crystallographica B29 1446-1451 1973 Potgietersrust district, Transvaal, South Africa 0 293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

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Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing Intensity
4.577 Å (3)
4.511 Å (3)
3.719 Å (13)
3.285 Å (6)
3.190 Å (15)
2.921 Å (96)
2.870 Å (89)
2.853 Å (96)
2.656 Å (40)
2.617 Å (100)
2.154 Å (14)
2.018 Å (6)
1.9286 Å (2)
1.8595 Å (33)
1.8055 Å (17)
1.7852 Å (13)
1.7695 Å (16)
1.7372 Å (27)
1.7192 Å (37)
1.7086 Å (18)
1.6425 Å (14)
1.5950 Å (16)
1.5579 Å (2)
1.5474 Å (6)
1.5434 Å (4)
1.5062 Å (3)
1.4659 Å (3)
1.4603 Å (3)
1.4348 Å (3)
1.4266 Å (9)
1.4235 Å (16)
1.3998 Å (13)
1.3941 Å (10)
1.3764 Å (4)
1.3673 Å (2)
1.2760 Å (2)
1.2738 Å (2)
1.2526 Å (2)
1.2291 Å (2)
1.2150 Å (3)
1.2038 Å (6)
1.1954 Å (5)
1.1935 Å (6)
1.1894 Å (9)
1.1847 Å (5)
1.1693 Å (3)
1.1659 Å (4)
1.1443 Å (7)
1.1278 Å (3)
1.1263 Å (4)

Comments:

ICDD 26-1301. See also ICDD 9-421.

Geological EnvironmentHide

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Geological Setting:

Norites in mafic layered intrusives.

Type Occurrence of BraggiteHide

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General Appearance of Type Material:

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

The Natural History Museum, London, England, 1932,1303–1304.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 105857.

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Reference:

Bannister, F.A., Hey, M.H. (1932) Determination of minerals in platinum concentrates from the Transvaal by X-ray methods. Mineralogical Magazine: 23: 188-208.

Other Language Names for BraggiteHide

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Relationship of Braggite to other SpeciesHide

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Common AssociatesHide

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Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

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2.CC. Tilkerodeite Pd2HgSe3 Trig. 3_m_ _(_32/m ) : _P_3_m_1
2.CC. UM2007-26-S:CuFeIrNiPtRh (Ir,Cu,Ni,Pt,Rh,Fe)9S11
2.CC. Crowningshieldite (Ni0.9Fe0.1)S Hex. 6/m m m _(_6/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _P_63/m m c
2.CC. Eliopoulosite V7S8 Trig. 32 : _P_3221
2.CC. Kuvaevite Ir5Ni10S16 Trig. 3_m_ _(_32/m ) : R_3_m
2.CC. Torryweiserite Rh5Ni10S16 Trig. 3_m_ _(_32/m ) : R_3_m
2.CC. Tamuraite Ir5Fe10S16 Trig. 3_m_ _(_32/m ) : R_3_m
2.CC. Ferrotorryweiserite Rh5Fe10S16 Trig. 3_m_ _(_32/m ) : R_3_m
2.CC. Proxitwelvefoldite Pd3Ni4Te8 Tet. 4/m m m _(_4/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _P_42/m n m
2.CC.05 Achávalite FeSe Hex. 6/m m m _(_6/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _P_63/m m c
2.CC.05 Breithauptite NiSb Hex. 6/m m m _(_6/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _P_63/m m c
2.CC.05 Freboldite CoSe Hex. 6/m m m _(_6/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _P_63/m m c
2.CC.05 Kotulskite Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4) Hex.
2.CC.05 Langisite CoAs Hex. 6 : _P_63
2.CC.05 Nickeline NiAs Hex. 6/m m m _(_6/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _P_63/m c m
2.CC.05 Sederholmite beta-NiSe Hex. 6/m m m _(_6/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _P_63/m m c
2.CC.05 Sobolevskite PdBi Hex.
2.CC.05 Stumpflite PtSb Hex. 6/m m m _(_6/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _P_63/m m c
2.CC.05 Sudburyite PdSb Hex. 6/m m m _(_6/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _P_63/m m c
2.CC.05 Jaipurite CoS Hex.
2.CC.05 Zlatogorite NiCuSb2 Trig. 3_m_ _(_32/m ) : P_31_m
2.CC.10 Pyrrhotite Fe1-xS Mon.
2.CC.10 Smythite (Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3) Trig. 3_m_ _(_32/m ) : R_3_m
2.CC.10 Troilite FeS Hex. 6/m m m _(_6/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _P_63/m m c
2.CC.15 Cherepanovite RhAs Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : P n m a
2.CC.15 Modderite (Co,Fe)As Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m )
2.CC.15 Ruthenarsenite (Ru,Ni)As Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : P n m a
2.CC.15 Westerveldite (Fe,Ni,Co)As Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m )
2.CC.15 Minakawaite RhSb Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : P n m a
2.CC.20 Millerite NiS Trig. 3_m_ : R_3_m
2.CC.20 Mäkinenite γ-NiSe Trig. 3_m_
2.CC.20 UM1990-38-S:CuFeIrNiPtRh (Ni,Fe,Rh,Cu,Ir,Pt)S
2.CC.25 Mackinawite FeS Tet. 4/m m m _(_4/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _P_4/n m m
2.CC.30 Hexatestibiopanickelite (Pd,Ni)(Sb,Te) ? Hex.
2.CC.30 Vavřínite Ni2SbTe2 Hex. 6/m m m _(_6/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _P_63/m m c
2.CC.35b Cooperite PtS Tet. 4/m m m _(_4/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : _P_42/m m c
2.CC.35a Vysotskite PdS Tet. 4/m : _P_42/m
2.CC.45 Jacutingaite Pt2HgSe3 Trig. 3_m_ _(_32/m ) : _P_3_m_1
2.CC.50 Imgreite NiTe (?) Hex.

Fluorescence of BraggiteHide

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Other InformationHide

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Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

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References for BraggiteHide

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Reference List:

Cabri, Louis J., Laflamme, J. H. Gilles, Stewart, John M., Turner, Kent, Skinner, Brian J. (1978) On cooperite, braggite, and vysotskite. American Mineralogist, 63 (9-10) 832-839

Merkle, R.K.W., Pikl, R., Verryn, S.M.C., De Waal, D. (1999) Raman spectra of synthetic ‘braggite’, (Pd,Pt,Ni)S. Mineralogical Magazine: 63: 363-367.

Localities for BraggiteHide

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This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

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- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.

Australia
New South Wales Yancowinna Co. Little Darling Creek Mineralogical Society of America - ...
Western Australia City of Karratha Karratha Munni Munni Complex HOATSON et al. (1992)
Austria
Styria Leoben District Kraubath an der Mur Malitch et al. (2001) +2 other references
Sankt Stefan ob Leoben Mitterberg Unnamed chromite pit Malitch et al. (2002)
Brazil
Pará Curionópolis Luanga Cr-Pt-Pd deposit Mineralogical Society of America - ...
Serra Pelada claims Berni et al. (2014) +1 other reference
Bulgaria
Blagoevgrad Province Blagoevgrad Municipality Blagoevgrad placer deposits Цинцов (1998)
Burgas Province Kameno Municipality Konstantinovo Atanasov (1990)
Canada
New Brunswick Kings Co. Cardwell Parish Mechanic Settlement Pluton Grammatikopoulos et al. (2006)
Ontario Kenora District Ring of Fire BMA527861 Area Black Label deposit Musa Karkus (2010)
Thunder Bay District Coldwell complex Marathon deposit Ames et al. (2017)
W horizon Good et al. (2017)
Lac des Iles Area Lac des Iles Complex Louis J. Cabri and J.H. Gilles Laflamme (1979) +1 other reference
Lac des Iles Mine Canadian Mineralogist et al. (1984)
Québec Chaudière-Appalaches Les Appalaches RCM Saint-Joseph-de-Coleraine Old Greenshields mine (Nayes mine; Beaudoin mine) Canadian Mineralogist 28
Thetford Mines Zaccarini F et al. (PGE) +1 other reference
Hall chrome pit (Hall mine; Thetford quarry) Corrivaux et al. (1990)
China
Xinjiang Bayin'gholin Autonomous Prefecture Ruoqiang Co. (Qakilik Co.; Chaqiliq Co.) Qingshuiquan Cu deposit Guofan Liu et al. (2005)
Ecuador
Esmeraldas Province Santiago River placers Weiser et al. (1993)
Finland
Lapland Törroos Ragnar +1 other reference
Enontekiö Miessijoki River Kojonen et al. (2007) +4 other references
Rapeli-Kangas claim Tuisku (2010)
Inari Ivalojoki Palsinoja Kari Kojonen (2012)
Sotajoki River Kojonen et al. (2014)
Koillismaa Complex Gustafsson et al. (2019)
Penikat complex Ala-Penikka Reef Alapieti et al. (1986)
Paasivaara Reef 5th International Platinum Symposium ... +2 other references
Sompujärvi Reef Econ Geol (1986)
Kirakkajuppura PGE deposit American Mineralogist +2 other references
Portimo complex Kilvenjärvi Offset Sulfide-PGE Deposit Andersen et al. (2006)
Siika-Kämä PGE Reef Mineralogical Society of America - ...
Sodankylä Keivitsa intrusion Törmänen et al. (eds.) +3 other references
Kevitsansarvi (Keivitsansarvi) Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE mine 33 IGC excursion No 15 +1 other reference
Viiankiaapa mire area Sakattilampi (Sakatti deposit) Pelayo Barrón Francisco (2020)
France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Ain Bourg-en-Bresse Jayat Jayat quarry Ducluzaux (2022)
Lescheroux Reyssouze River placer Ducluzaux B. (2022)
Savoie Chambéry Marcieux Marcieux quarry Ducluzaux (2021)
Greece
Central Greece Phthiotis Domokos Agios Stefanos mine Tsikouras et al. (2016)
Pindos ophiolite complex Zaccarini F et al. (PGE) +1 other reference
Thessaly Trikala Meteora Pefki Argirios Kapsiotis et al. (2011)
Greenland
Sermersooq Skaergaard intrusion Platinova reef Holwell et al. (2016)
India
Odisha Keonjhar District Baula Complex Canadian Mineralogist 40:277-309
Bangur gabbro Augé et al. (2002, July)
Nuasahi Complex Sahu et al. (2022)
Boula chromite deposit Jena et al. (2017)
Japan
Hokkaidō Prefecture Rumoi Subprefecture Obira coast NISHIO–HAMANE et al. (2022)
Tomamae District Tomamae Tomamae coast NISHIO–HAMANE et al. (2022)
Madagascar
Atsinanana Antanambao Manampotsy District Antanambao-Manampotsy area Legendre et al. (1992)
Ambodibonara Placer Auge et al. (1992) +1 other reference
Myanmar
Sagaing Region Monywa District Chindwin river Hagen et al. (1990)
New Zealand
Southland Region Southland District Catlins Coast Waikawa Railton et al. (1990)
Round Hill Railton et al. (1990)
Russia
Kamchatka Krai Sobolevsky District Mount Filipp Mikon specimen
Kemerovo Oblast Koura River Zhmodik et al. (2016)
Krasnoyarsk Krai Lysanskiy dunite-peridotite-gabbro complex Sisim Placer Zone River Ko placer deposit Barkov et al. (2021)
Taymyrskiy Autonomous Okrug Taimyr Peninsula Putoran Plateau Norilsk-Talnakh Mining Region Gritsenko et al. (2022)
Noril'sk Cu-Ni deposit Noril'sk-1 Cu-Ni deposit Medvezhyi Ruchei Mine Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)
Talnakh Cu-Ni Deposit Gritsenko et al. (2022)
Komsomol'skii Mine Pekov (1998)
Oktyabrsky Mine Kovalenker et al. (1975) +1 other reference
Western Sayan range Idgimsky gabbro- peridotite-pyroxenite complex Cherkasova et al. (2014, August)
Yermakovsky District River Rudnaya Barkov et al. (2018)
Murmansk Oblast Fedorovo-Pansky massif (Pana layered complex) Gabov (2010)
Eastern Pana block 33rd International Geological Congress (2008)
East Chuarvy Hålenius et al. (2018)
Fedorova Tundra block Groshev +7 other references
FT-1 reef Groshev +6 other references
FT-2 reef Groshev +6 other references
Kievey deposit Groshev +7 other references
North Kamennik deposit Groshev +7 other references
Northern PGE reef 33rd International Geological Congress (2008)
Southern PGE Reef Groshev +7 other references
Western Pana block Groshev et al. (2019)
Kovdorsky District Kovdor Massif Sorokhtina et al. (2021)
Monche tundra intrusion www.duke.edu (2003)
Loypishnyun deposit Chashchin et al. (2018)
Monchetundra deposit Grokhovskaya et al. (2009)
Monchegorsk Yury L. Voytekhovsky (2008)
Sopcha Massif Monchegorsk Cu-Ni Deposit Grokhovskaya et al. (2003)
Sopcha Mt - (2014)
Vuruchuaivench prospect Grokhovskaya et al. (2014)
Pechengsky District Chashchin et al. (2013)
Volchetundra massif Chashchin et al. (2013)
Novosibirsk Oblast Egor’evsk ore placer district Ik placer field Simonovsky Brook gold placer Podlipsky et al. (2007)
Perm Krai Gornozavodskii District Sarany Saranovskii Mine Puzik (2019)
Republic of Karelia Burakovskii Layered Complex Shalozerskoe (Kuk Ruchei) deposit Grishaenko et al. (2007)
Kondopozhsky District Vikshozero deposit - (2014)
Loukhsky District Oulanka plutonic complex Olanga River (Oulanka River) Lukkulaisvaara ultrabasic Massif (Lukkulaisvaara pluton; Lukkulaisvaara layered intrusion) Eur. J. Mineral. +1 other reference
Nadezhda PGM deposit Barkov et al. (2001)
Northern Karelia Kaalamo massif Lavrov et al. (2017)
Suojärvi District Kuolisma gabbrodolerite Коневин et al. (2020)
Sverdlovsk Oblast Kachkanar Kachkanar Complex Kachkanarskoe Western pit Stepanov et al. (2023)
Syum-Keu Ophiolite Massif Gurskaya (2002)
Ural Mountains Polar Urals Dzelyatyshor massif Cherkasova et al. (2014, August)
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Labytnangi Ozernoe Occurrence Murzin et al. (2022)
Sierra Leone
Western Area Freetown layered complex Big Water Bowles et al. (2018)
South Africa
Bushveld Complex ... +1 other reference
Eastern Cape Alfred Nzo District Municipality Umzimvubu Local Municipality Insizwa Waterfall gorge Cairncross et al. (1995)
Limpopo Capricorn District Municipality Blouberg Local Municipality Nonnenwerth 421 LR farm Manyeruke (2007)
Waterberg project McCreesh et al. (2018)
T-Zone McCreesh et al. (2018)
Sekhukhune District Municipality Fetakgomo Tubatse Local Municipality Atok Mine Schwellnus et al. (1976) +1 other reference
Booysendal North Mine McCall (2016)
Driekop Mine Cairncross et al. (1995)
Helena Chrome Mine Kottke-Levin (2011)
Lebowa Mine - (2014) +1 other reference
Lesego project Montjoie (2018)
Maandagshoek Farm Melcher et al. (2005)
Modikwa Mine Cairncross et al. (1995)
Mooihoek Farm 255 KT Cairncross et al. (1995)
Steelpoort Onverwacht Mine Cairncross et al. (1995)
Waterberg District Municipality Modimolle-Mookgophong Local Municipality Mookgophong Waterberg deposit Cairncross et al. (1995)
Rietfontein Cairncross et al. (1995)
Mogalakwena Local Municipality Mokopane (TL) Bannister et al. (1932)
Akanani prospects Ndhlovu (2017)
Overysel deposit Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference
Sandsloot mine Holwell et al. (2006)
Tweefontein Farm Cabri et al. (1976) +1 other reference
Zwartfontein Cairncross et al. (1995)
Thabazimbi Local Municipality Thabazimbi Northam Platinum mine Roberts
Zondereinde Mine McCall (2016)
North West Bojanala Platinum District Municipality Madibeng Local Municipality Brits Cairncross et al. (1995)
Crocodile River Mine Cairncross et al. (1995)
Hoekfontein Farm Cairncross et al. (1995)
Merensky Reef Barkov et al. (2001)
Rustenburg Local Municipality Marikana Cairncross et al. (1995)
Lonmin Marikana Mine Dzvinamurungu (2012)
Rustenburg Boschfontein Farm Cairncross et al. (1995)
Brakspruit Farm Cairncross et al. (1995)
Impala Platinum mines Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference
Karee Mine Junge et al. (2014)
Royal Bafokeng Bafokeng-Rasimone Mine Smith et al. (2013)
Rustenburg Town & Townlands Farm
Western Platinum Mine Brynard et al. (1976) +1 other reference
UG-2 Reef Voordouw et al. (2010)
Witwatersrand goldfield Cairncross et al. (1995)
Spain
Galicia A Coruña Herbeira ultramafic massif Zaccarini F et al. (PGE) +5 other references
Turkey
Hatay Province Arsuz Kizildag ophiolite Kozlu et al. (2010)
UK
Scotland Tindle (2008)
Highland Caol and Mallaig Isle of Rum Rum Central Complex Power et al. (2000)
USA
Alaska Kodiak Island Borough Tugidak Island Southern beach placer Belkin et al. (2021)
Minnesota Lake County Beaver Bay Beaver Bay Complex Sonju Lake intrusion Chusi Li et al. (2008)
Montana Stillwater Complex August 2006 +4 other references
Stillwater County Blakely Creek Frog Pond Canadian Mineralogist Vol.24 (1986)
Iron Mountain Canadian Mineralogist Vol.24 (1986)
J-M Reef (Howland Reef) Minneapolis adit Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 23 (1 985)
Lost Mountain Canadian Mineralogist Vol.24 (1986)
Frog Pond Canadian Mineralogist Vol.24 (1986)
Mountain View Canadian Mineralogist Vol.24 (1986)
Stillwater Mine Rifai +5 other references
West Fork adit Canadian Mineralogist Vol.24 (1986)
Sweet Grass County East Boulder Mine (East Boulder project prospect; Frog Pond adit; Frog Pond audit; Jack Pine project; J-M Reef) Robert C. Smith II Ph.D. P.G. +1 other reference
Picket Pins prospect (Picket Pin occurrence) Corkery (2002)
Stillwater Mine (Johns-Manville Stillwater Platinum; Stillwater PGM Resources; Stillwater Platinum Project; M Prospect) ...
Pennsylvania Chester County West Nottingham Township Smith et al. (2011)
Zimbabwe
Mashonaland West Chegutu District Hartley Mine Stribrny et al. (2000) +5 other references
Masvingo Chiredzi District Chiredzi mining district (Hartley mining district) Makwiro River Oberthür et al. (2003) +1 other reference
Midlands Shurugwi District Umtebekwe River Oberthür et al. (2013)
Unki Mine Allan H. Wilson and Martin D. Prendergast (2001)
Zvishavane District Zvishavane (Shabani; Shabanie; Shavani) Mimosa Mine Allan H. Wilson and Martin D. Prendergast (2001) +1 other reference