12 Metre (original) (raw)
Il 12 metri è una barca a vela da regata, la cui classe è riconosciuta dalla International Sailing Federation .
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| dbo:abstract | The 12 Metre class is a rating class for racing sailboats that are designed to the International rule. It enables fair competition between boats that rate in the class whilst retaining the freedom to experiment with the details of their designs. The designation "12 Metre" does not refer to any single measurement on the boat, and is not referencing the vessels overall length, rather, measures the sum of the components directed by the formula which governs design and construction parameters. Typically 12 Metre class boats range from 65 to 75 feet (about 20 to 23 m) in length overall; they are most often sloop-rigged, with masts roughly 85 feet (26 m) tall. The first 12 Metres were built in 1907. The 12 Metre class was used in the Olympic Games of 1908, 1912 and 1920 but few boats participated in these events. The 12 Metre class boats are best known as the boat design used in the America's Cup from 1958 to 1987. Competitiveness between boats in the class is maintained by requiring the boats to be in compliance with the 12 Metre formula. Designers and builders are required to take into account such things as the sail area, the boat length at the waterline and the boat girth (the measurement around the boat from one sideboard, under the keel, and then over the top on the opposite side back to the original side). The measurements are then weighted in the formula. For example, the present formula takes the square root of the sail area rather than total area. The combination of weighted measurements must be less than or equal to 12 metres. Designers are free to change any of the component variables, as well as other details, such as the size of the rudder and keel, so long as the corresponding changes elsewhere produce an ultimate sum of 12 metres and the resulting boat is both seaworthy and safe. Though disparity between boats are minimized by the rule, enough variation exists so that races are as much about design and construction as they are about seamanship and tactics. (en) La série internationale 12 Metre est une des classes de la Jauge internationale. À l'instar des autres classes de la Jauge internationale, les bateaux doivent respecter une formule de jauge prenant en compte la longueur à la flottaison, la surface vélique et des mesures effectuées sur les dimensions de la coque permettant d'en apprécier le volume et la forme. Le résultat du calcul suivant cette formule donne une longueur théorique exprimée en mètres. La vitesse maximale théorique d'un tel voilier étant proportionnelle à cette longueur théorique, cette dernière ne doit pas excéder 12 mètres. Cette contrainte laisse une certaine place à la créativité et les voiliers de la classe peuvent présenter des différences notables, contrairement aux monotypes. Le premier 12 Metre fut construit en 1907. La série fut admise aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1908, puis de 1912 et 1920 mais peu de bateaux s’alignèrent. Elle obtint ensuite un regain d’intérêt lorsqu’elle fut retenue pour les éditions successives de la Coupe de l'America de 1958 à 1987. (fr) Il 12 metri è una barca a vela da regata, la cui classe è riconosciuta dalla International Sailing Federation . (it) 12mR, eller Tolva, är en segelbåtsklass konstruerad efter R-regeln. Åren 1908, 1912 och 1920 utgjorde 12mR en olympisk seglingsklass. I America's Cup seglades med R-12:or under perioden 1958–1987. Internationellt kända 12mR-båtar är bland andra, de av Olin Stephens ritade America's Cup-försvararna Columbia, Intrepid och Courageous samt cupvinnaren Australia II, vilken bröt den amerikanska segerraden. I Sverige har två klassiska tolvor byggts av August Plym på Neglingevarvet: Erna Signe 1911 (konstruktör William Fife), och Princess Svanevit 1930 (konstruerad av Gustaf Estlander). En modern tolva, Sverige, ritad av Pelle Petterson och byggd av Sweden Yachts i Stenungsund, utmanade om America's Cup 1977 och 1980 men blev utslagen i kvalseglingarna. Fartyget Sverige var speciell i det avseendet, att hon styrdes med rorkult och att delar av besättningen var placerade under däck, där skotningen sköttes med cykelliknande pedaler. Den sista svenska R-12:a som tävlade om America's Cup var New Sweden. Den svenska satsningen på America's Cup upphörde i samband med att tävlingsreglerna ändrades 1987. (sv) Klasa 12 (R-12) - metryczna klasa jachtów, które według International Rule otrzymały 12. Wynik w International Rule jest niemianowany, jednak dane przedstawiane są w jednostkach metrycznych. Pierwsze jachty klasy 12 powstały w Europie w 1907, zaś po drugiej stronie Atlantyku zaczęto je projektować w 1935. Rozpowszechnienie się jachtów klasy 12 umożliwiło europejsko-amerykańskie z 1930 porozumienie ujednolicające system klasyfikacji jachtów. Na mocy tego porozumienia jednostki do metrycznej kasy 15 klasyfikowano według europejskiej International Rule, zaś większe według opracowanej przez New York Yacht Club Universal Rule. Jachty te okres świetności przeżywały w latach 1958-1987, gdy brały udział w regatach o Puchar Ameryki. Znak klasy to 12 na grocie. (pl) 12米（英語：12 Metre）是根據所設計的一個級別的帆船。此規格並不代表帆船任何一個尺寸為12米，而是根據特定的方程式所計算出來的總數不大於12米。它容許參賽者很大的靈活性對船隻的各範圍進行探索，亦帶來某程度上的規範確保比賽的公平性。首條方程式於1907年定立，並於1908、12及20年的奧林匹克運動會中使用。 1907年至20年的方程式： 1920至33年的方程式： 1933年以後的方程式： * = 水线长 (LWL) * = 船宽 * = * = 與链条周长的差距 * = 船帆面積 * = 乾舷 (zh) |
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| dbp:caption | The 12 Metre yacht Freedom (en) |
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| dbp:date | 2017-07-03 (xsd:date) |
| dbp:design | Development class (en) |
| dbp:olympic | former (en) |
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| dbp:year | 1907 (xsd:integer) |
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| rdf:type | owl:Thing |
| rdfs:comment | Il 12 metri è una barca a vela da regata, la cui classe è riconosciuta dalla International Sailing Federation . (it) Klasa 12 (R-12) - metryczna klasa jachtów, które według International Rule otrzymały 12. Wynik w International Rule jest niemianowany, jednak dane przedstawiane są w jednostkach metrycznych. Pierwsze jachty klasy 12 powstały w Europie w 1907, zaś po drugiej stronie Atlantyku zaczęto je projektować w 1935. Rozpowszechnienie się jachtów klasy 12 umożliwiło europejsko-amerykańskie z 1930 porozumienie ujednolicające system klasyfikacji jachtów. Na mocy tego porozumienia jednostki do metrycznej kasy 15 klasyfikowano według europejskiej International Rule, zaś większe według opracowanej przez New York Yacht Club Universal Rule. Jachty te okres świetności przeżywały w latach 1958-1987, gdy brały udział w regatach o Puchar Ameryki. Znak klasy to 12 na grocie. (pl) 12米（英語：12 Metre）是根據所設計的一個級別的帆船。此規格並不代表帆船任何一個尺寸為12米，而是根據特定的方程式所計算出來的總數不大於12米。它容許參賽者很大的靈活性對船隻的各範圍進行探索，亦帶來某程度上的規範確保比賽的公平性。首條方程式於1907年定立，並於1908、12及20年的奧林匹克運動會中使用。 1907年至20年的方程式： 1920至33年的方程式： 1933年以後的方程式： * = 水线长 (LWL) * = 船宽 * = * = 與链条周长的差距 * = 船帆面積 * = 乾舷 (zh) The 12 Metre class is a rating class for racing sailboats that are designed to the International rule. It enables fair competition between boats that rate in the class whilst retaining the freedom to experiment with the details of their designs. The designation "12 Metre" does not refer to any single measurement on the boat, and is not referencing the vessels overall length, rather, measures the sum of the components directed by the formula which governs design and construction parameters. Typically 12 Metre class boats range from 65 to 75 feet (about 20 to 23 m) in length overall; they are most often sloop-rigged, with masts roughly 85 feet (26 m) tall. (en) La série internationale 12 Metre est une des classes de la Jauge internationale. À l'instar des autres classes de la Jauge internationale, les bateaux doivent respecter une formule de jauge prenant en compte la longueur à la flottaison, la surface vélique et des mesures effectuées sur les dimensions de la coque permettant d'en apprécier le volume et la forme. Le résultat du calcul suivant cette formule donne une longueur théorique exprimée en mètres. La vitesse maximale théorique d'un tel voilier étant proportionnelle à cette longueur théorique, cette dernière ne doit pas excéder 12 mètres. Cette contrainte laisse une certaine place à la créativité et les voiliers de la classe peuvent présenter des différences notables, contrairement aux monotypes. (fr) 12mR, eller Tolva, är en segelbåtsklass konstruerad efter R-regeln. Åren 1908, 1912 och 1920 utgjorde 12mR en olympisk seglingsklass. I America's Cup seglades med R-12:or under perioden 1958–1987. Internationellt kända 12mR-båtar är bland andra, de av Olin Stephens ritade America's Cup-försvararna Columbia, Intrepid och Courageous samt cupvinnaren Australia II, vilken bröt den amerikanska segerraden. I Sverige har två klassiska tolvor byggts av August Plym på Neglingevarvet: Erna Signe 1911 (konstruktör William Fife), och Princess Svanevit 1930 (konstruerad av Gustaf Estlander). (sv) |
| rdfs:label | 12 Metre (en) 12 metri (it) 12 Metre (fr) Klasa 12 (pl) R 12 (sv) 12米 (zh) |
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