Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (original) (raw)
نظام خط أنابيب ألاسكا العابر هو نظام أنابيب لنقل النفط الخام يغذي 11 محطة ضخ وعدة مئات من الأميال من خطوط الأنابيب المغذية، ومحطة فالديز البحرية. بني خط الأنابيب بين عامي 1974 و1977 بعد أزمة النفط في عام 1973 بعد الارتفاع الحاد في أسعار النفط في الولايات المتحدة.
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| dbo:abstract | Aljašský, či Transaljašský ropovod (anglicky Trans-Alaska Pipeline System nebo zkráceně Alyeska Pipeline či Alaska Pipeline) je hlavní ropovod Spojených států amerických přepravující ropu z ropných polí na severu Aljašky do přístavu na jejím jihu. Byl dokončen v roce 1977 a denně přepraví maximálně 330 000 metrů krychlových ropy. Mapa trasy hlavní větve ropovodu Hlavní větev ropovodu vede severojižním směrem a má délku skoro 1300 kilometrů. Začíná u Severního ledového oceánu v Prudhoe Bay a končí ve Valdezu u Aljašského zálivu. Prochází některými aljašskými obcemi, například Wisemanem, , , , Fairbanksem a . Stavba ropovodu v této řídce osídlené oblasti čelila řadě obtíží, mimo jiné bylo potřeba překonat tři horské hřebeny, aktivní zlomy, dlouhé úseky s nestabilním permafrostem, mnoho potoků a říček. Také bylo třeba brát ohled na aljašský ekosystém, na migrační cesty sobů a losů. (cs) نظام خط أنابيب ألاسكا العابر هو نظام أنابيب لنقل النفط الخام يغذي 11 محطة ضخ وعدة مئات من الأميال من خطوط الأنابيب المغذية، ومحطة فالديز البحرية. بني خط الأنابيب بين عامي 1974 و1977 بعد أزمة النفط في عام 1973 بعد الارتفاع الحاد في أسعار النفط في الولايات المتحدة. (ar) Die Trans-Alaska-Pipeline (TAP) ist eine Erdölleitung in Alaska/USA. Sie verläuft 1287 km von der Prudhoe Bay im Norden zum eisfreien Hafen Valdez am Prince William Sound im Süden. (de) El sistema de oleoducto Trans-Alaska (SOTA), es un oleoducto que recorre toda la península de Alaska de norte a sur. Comprende el oleoducto Trans-Alaska, 12 estaciones de bombeo, cientos de miles de tuberías alimentadoras y la terminal Marine Valdez. El SOTA es uno de los más grandes sistemas de oleoducto. Es comúnmente llamado Oleoducto Alaska, oleoducto Trans-Alaska u Oleoducto Alyeska, pero estos términos sólo engloban los 1287 kilómetros de tuberías con un diámetro de 122 centímetros que transportan combustible desde la Bahía Prudhoe a Valdez, Alaska. El combustible es propiedad de la . (es) Sistem Saluran Pipa Trans-Alaska (Trans-Alaska Pipeline System atau disingkat TAPS) merupakan sistem penyaluran pipa terbesar yang ada di dunia. Sistem Saluran Pipa Trans-Alaska menghubungkan ladang minyak yang berada di Alaska utara, dengan pelabuhan yang berada di Valdez. tesebut telah lama menjadi pusat pengeboran sejak pada tahun 1968. dijadikan pusat pengeboran minyak ketika terjadinya penemuan besar deposit minyak bumi di Lereng Utara Alaska. Pipa trans-Alaska menghubungkan daerah teluk itu ke Valdez, yang berada di Prince William Sound, atau yang berlokasi sekitar 490 km di sebelah timur Anchorage, daerah tersebut merupakan pelabuhan paling utara yang ada di Amerika Utara. Saluran pipa Trans-Alaska melewati berbagai wilayah, termasuk atau , Deadhorse, Fairbanks, Fox, Glennallen, dan Kutub Utara. Selain itu, Pipa trans-Alaska juga melewati jalur yang ada di , dan . (in) トランス-アラスカ・パイプラインシステム (Trans-Alaska Pipeline System) は、アラスカを南北に縦断する石油パイプライン。総延長は約1300kmに及ぶ。 アメリカ合衆国・アラスカ州にあり、北部の油田地帯プルドーベイと南部の港バルディーズを結ぶ。1974年に工事が始まり、1977年に完成した。 (ja) The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) is an oil transportation system spanning Alaska, including the trans-Alaska crude-oil pipeline, 11 pump stations, several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, and the Valdez Marine Terminal. TAPS is one of the world's largest pipeline systems. The core pipeline itself, which is commonly called the Alaska pipeline, trans-Alaska pipeline, or Alyeska pipeline, (or the pipeline as referred to in Alaska), is an 800-mile (1,287 km) long, 48-inch (1.22 m) diameter pipeline that conveys oil from Prudhoe Bay, on Alaska's North Slope, south to Valdez, on the shores of Prince William Sound in southcentral Alaska. The crude oil pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. The pipeline was built between 1975 and 1977, after the 1973 oil crisis caused a sharp rise in oil prices in the United States. This rise made exploration of the Prudhoe Bay oil field economically feasible. Environmental, legal, and political debates followed the discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay in 1968, and the pipeline was built only after the oil crisis provoked the passage of legislation designed to remove legal challenges to the project. In building the pipeline, engineers faced a wide range of difficulties, stemming mainly from the extreme cold and the difficult, isolated terrain. The construction of the pipeline was one of the first large-scale projects to deal with problems caused by permafrost, and special construction techniques had to be developed to cope with the frozen ground. The project attracted tens of thousands of workers to Alaska, causing a boomtown atmosphere in Valdez, Fairbanks, and Anchorage. The first barrel of oil traveled through the pipeline in the summer of 1977, with full-scale production by the end of the year. Several notable incidents of oil leakage have occurred since, including those caused by sabotage, maintenance failures, and bullet holes. As of 2015, it had shipped over 17 billion barrels (2.7×109 m3) of oil. The pipeline has been shown capable of delivering over two million barrels of oil per day but nowadays usually operates at a fraction of maximum capacity. If flow were to stop or throughput were too little, the line could freeze. The pipeline could be extended and used to transport oil produced from controversial proposed drilling projects in the nearby Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). (en) L’oléoduc trans-Alaska (en anglais : Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, abrégé en TAPS) relie les champs pétrolifères du nord de l'Alaska à Valdez, port maritime libre de glace d'où le pétrole peut être acheminé pour raffinage. Il traverse tout l'État, du nord au sud, sur 1 288 km. L'oléoduc est exploité par Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, un groupe détenu à 48 % par BP. Après la découverte du champ pétrolifère de Prudhoe Bay en 1968, plusieurs options furent envisagées afin d'acheminer le pétrole jusqu'aux centres de raffinage. L'oléoduc se révéla comme celle présentant le moins d'inconvénients. Cependant, de nombreux recours en justice furent déposés par des groupes de conservation et les peuples amérindiens concernés par le tracé. Après de longues batailles juridiques et plusieurs évolutions de la législation votées par le Congrès américain, la construction de l'oléoduc commença le 27 mars 1975, dans le cadre du Project Independence. L'oléoduc fut mis en service plus de deux ans plus tard, le 20 juillet 1977. Sa construction mobilisa des dizaines de milliers de travailleurs et de nombreux défis durent être relevés. L'oléoduc traverse des étendues sauvages, quasiment vierges, trois grandes chaînes montagneuses et un millier de rivières et torrents, dont le fleuve Yukon. Il franchit des zones sismiques, notamment la faille de Denali. Des milliers de caloducs permettent d'éviter la fonte du pergélisol qui causerait l'instabilité du support de la conduite. Depuis sa mise en service jusqu'en 2015, l'oléoduc trans-Alaska a transporté plus de 17,1 milliards de barils de pétrole entraînant un afflux massif de richesses. L'Alaska passe, en quelques décennies, de l’État au plus fort taux d'imposition à celui ayant le taux le plus faible. Plusieurs fonds ont ainsi été créés pour gérer les ressources financières de l'Alaska générées par l'oléoduc. Malgré des procédures de maintenance avancées, l'oléoduc a subi plusieurs fuites de pétrole, entraînant des dommages environnementaux. Avec la diminution de la production des champs pétrolifères de la région, il est prévu, à long terme, l'arrêt de l'oléoduc, son démantèlement, et la réhabilitation des terrains. Cependant, en 2016, aucune date n'est encore fixée et cette échéance n'est pas prévue avant plusieurs dizaines d'années. (fr) De Trans-Alaska pijpleiding (Trans Alaska Pipeline System, afgekort TAPS) is een van de grootste pijpleidingen ter wereld. De pijpleiding, met een totale lengte van 1287 kilometer, strekt zich uit van het Prudhoe Bay-veld tot Valdez, en wordt gebruikt voor het transport van ruwe olie. De pijpleiding is privé-eigendom van de Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. De buizen hebben een diameter van 122 centimeter (48-inch) en de pijpleiding telde in totaal 12 pompstations. (nl) Il Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) è un oleodotto che attraversa l'Alaska. (it) Ropociąg Trans-Alaska, ropociąg na Alasce czy rurociąg alaski (ang. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, Alyeska Pipeline, Trans-Alaska Pipeline, Alaska Pipeline) – rurociąg biegnący z Prudhoe Bay na północnym brzegu Alaski do Valdez na jej południowym brzegu, o długości 1286 km (800 mil lądowych). Obecnie jest to podstawowy, najważniejszy sposób transportu ropy naftowej – wydobywanej na północy stanu – do jej odbiorców. W Valdez do terminalu portowego cumują supertankowce, które dalej przewożą ją głównie do kontynentalnych 48 stanów USA (m.in. do portu w Bellingham w stanie Waszyngton) oraz do portów w Azji. , oddany do użytku w 1977 r., został wybudowany głównie na powierzchni, w bardzo trudnym terenie i trudnych warunkach, z zapewnieniem przejść dla migrujących zwierząt, np. karibu, i zastosowaniem specjalnych ogrzewczych lub odprowadzających ciepło technologii, z częstym zygzakowaniem, i ustawieniem na poprzecznych, podobnych do szyn podporach w okolicach nawiedzanych przez częste trzęsienia ziemi, np. przekraczając tektoniczny uskok . Pojedyncza nitka stalowej, kuloodpornej rury o średnicy 1,22 m (48 cali) została zbudowana pomiędzy 27 marca 1975 a 31 maja 1977, kosztem 8 mld dolarów. Budowę wykonano w sześciu niezależnych sekcjach przy udziale pięciu rozmaitych wykonawców zatrudniających 21 tys. pracowników. Trzydziestu jeden z nich zginęło w wypadkach przy pracy. Ropociąg był obliczony na 25 lat eksploatacji, lecz wciąż (2017) jest użytkowany. Jego infrastruktura i elektronika są stale usprawniane. Jest przeglądany i dozorowany z powietrza, a także sprawdzany fizycznie na ziemi. Jednak 35 km pomocniczego transportu rurociągowego doprowadzającego ropę do głównego ciągu Trans-Alaska wymagało (w 2007) lub nadal wymaga wymiany z powodu korozji, która spowodowała rozlew ropy i skażenie środowiska w 2007 w pobliżu arktycznego początku Trans-Alaski, oraz nad Oceanem Arktycznym, w okolicach Prudhoe Bay. Pośrednio, istnienie tego ropociągu jest odpowiedzialne za wielką katastrofę ekologiczną w Zatoce Księcia Williama, gdzie ulokowany jest jego końcowy terminal Valdez. Do katastrofy doszło, kiedy jednokadłubowy supertankowiec „MT Exxon Valdez”, dopiero co załadowany ropą dostarczoną tym ropociągiem, zboczył z kursu i osiadł na skałach, rozlewając dużą część swojego ładunku w akwenie. Ropa skaziła dziewiczy do tej pory ekosystem zatoki. Skażenie istnieje do dziś, pomimo wielkiej, wieloletniej akcji oczyszczającej, powodując upadek rybołówstwa i zyskownego dla mieszkańców połowu krabów (głównie , ang. king red crab) w tym regionie. (pl) 縱貫阿拉斯加管道 ，俗稱阿拉斯加輸油管 （英語：Trans-Alaska Pipeline System，簡稱TAPS，州內俗稱the Alyeska Pipeline，州外俗稱Alaska Pipeline）是連接美國阿拉斯加州北部產油區和南部港口，再轉運到美國本土煉油廠的管道運輸系統。 管道主線起自的，終止於阿拉斯加灣邊的瓦爾迪茲，南北全長接近800 英里（約1,300 公里）經過懷斯曼、、、福克斯、費爾班克斯和等多座城市。管道的建築更要面臨位置偏遠和周圍惡劣環境的挑戰：中間要穿越三座山脈、活躍的斷層、廣大的凍土層和定時遷徙的馴鹿和駝鹿。 自1977年落成以來，管道已經輸送了150億桶原油（2.4 km3）。 (zh) Трансаля́скинский нефтепрово́д (ТАН; англ. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, TAPS) — нефтепровод в США. Предназначен для перекачивания нефти, добываемой на месторождении Прадхо-Бей на севере Аляски, в порт города Валдиз на её юге. Пересекает территорию штата Аляска с севера на юг, длина нефтепровода 1288 км. Состоит из трубопровода сырой нефти, 12 насосных станций, нескольких сотен километров подводящих трубопроводов, и терминала в городе Валдиз. Нефтепровод является одним из самых больших подобных сооружений. Принадлежит компании «Alyeska Pipeline Service Company». (ru) Трансаляскинський нафтопровід (англ. Trans-Alaska Pipeline, Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, TAPS) — нафтогін на Алясці (США). Призначений для перекачування нафти, яку видобувають на родовищі Прадхо-Бей на Північному Схилі, до незамерзаючого порту міста Валдіз на її південному узбережжі, звідки танкери перевозять нафту на нафтопереробні заводи штату Каліфорнія. Перетинає Аляску з півночі на південь, довжина нафтопроводу 1288 км. Складається з нафтогону сирої нафти, 12 помпових станцій, декількох сотень миль трубопроводів, що підводять до терміналу в місті Валдіз. Нафтогін є однією з найбільших подібних споруд. Належить компанії ». (uk) |
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| dbp:align | right (en) |
| dbp:caption | The trans-Alaska oil pipeline, (en) as it zig-zags across the landscape (en) |
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| dbp:photo | Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Luca Galuzzi 2005.jpg (en) |
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| dbp:quote | The wealth generated by Prudhoe Bay and the other fields on the North Slope since 1977 is worth more than all the fish ever caught, all the furs ever trapped, all the trees chopped down; throw in all the copper, whalebone, natural gas, tin, silver, platinum, and anything else ever extracted from Alaska too. The balance sheet of Alaskan history is simple: One Prudhoe Bay is worth more in real dollars than everything that has been dug out, cut down, caught or killed in Alaska since the beginning of time. (en) |
| dbp:source | Alaska historian Terrence Cole (en) |
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| dbp:type | Pump stations (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | نظام خط أنابيب ألاسكا العابر هو نظام أنابيب لنقل النفط الخام يغذي 11 محطة ضخ وعدة مئات من الأميال من خطوط الأنابيب المغذية، ومحطة فالديز البحرية. بني خط الأنابيب بين عامي 1974 و1977 بعد أزمة النفط في عام 1973 بعد الارتفاع الحاد في أسعار النفط في الولايات المتحدة. (ar) Die Trans-Alaska-Pipeline (TAP) ist eine Erdölleitung in Alaska/USA. Sie verläuft 1287 km von der Prudhoe Bay im Norden zum eisfreien Hafen Valdez am Prince William Sound im Süden. (de) El sistema de oleoducto Trans-Alaska (SOTA), es un oleoducto que recorre toda la península de Alaska de norte a sur. Comprende el oleoducto Trans-Alaska, 12 estaciones de bombeo, cientos de miles de tuberías alimentadoras y la terminal Marine Valdez. El SOTA es uno de los más grandes sistemas de oleoducto. Es comúnmente llamado Oleoducto Alaska, oleoducto Trans-Alaska u Oleoducto Alyeska, pero estos términos sólo engloban los 1287 kilómetros de tuberías con un diámetro de 122 centímetros que transportan combustible desde la Bahía Prudhoe a Valdez, Alaska. El combustible es propiedad de la . (es) トランス-アラスカ・パイプラインシステム (Trans-Alaska Pipeline System) は、アラスカを南北に縦断する石油パイプライン。総延長は約1300kmに及ぶ。 アメリカ合衆国・アラスカ州にあり、北部の油田地帯プルドーベイと南部の港バルディーズを結ぶ。1974年に工事が始まり、1977年に完成した。 (ja) De Trans-Alaska pijpleiding (Trans Alaska Pipeline System, afgekort TAPS) is een van de grootste pijpleidingen ter wereld. De pijpleiding, met een totale lengte van 1287 kilometer, strekt zich uit van het Prudhoe Bay-veld tot Valdez, en wordt gebruikt voor het transport van ruwe olie. De pijpleiding is privé-eigendom van de Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. De buizen hebben een diameter van 122 centimeter (48-inch) en de pijpleiding telde in totaal 12 pompstations. (nl) Il Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) è un oleodotto che attraversa l'Alaska. (it) 縱貫阿拉斯加管道 ，俗稱阿拉斯加輸油管 （英語：Trans-Alaska Pipeline System，簡稱TAPS，州內俗稱the Alyeska Pipeline，州外俗稱Alaska Pipeline）是連接美國阿拉斯加州北部產油區和南部港口，再轉運到美國本土煉油廠的管道運輸系統。 管道主線起自的，終止於阿拉斯加灣邊的瓦爾迪茲，南北全長接近800 英里（約1,300 公里）經過懷斯曼、、、福克斯、費爾班克斯和等多座城市。管道的建築更要面臨位置偏遠和周圍惡劣環境的挑戰：中間要穿越三座山脈、活躍的斷層、廣大的凍土層和定時遷徙的馴鹿和駝鹿。 自1977年落成以來，管道已經輸送了150億桶原油（2.4 km3）。 (zh) Трансаля́скинский нефтепрово́д (ТАН; англ. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, TAPS) — нефтепровод в США. Предназначен для перекачивания нефти, добываемой на месторождении Прадхо-Бей на севере Аляски, в порт города Валдиз на её юге. Пересекает территорию штата Аляска с севера на юг, длина нефтепровода 1288 км. Состоит из трубопровода сырой нефти, 12 насосных станций, нескольких сотен километров подводящих трубопроводов, и терминала в городе Валдиз. Нефтепровод является одним из самых больших подобных сооружений. Принадлежит компании «Alyeska Pipeline Service Company». (ru) Aljašský, či Transaljašský ropovod (anglicky Trans-Alaska Pipeline System nebo zkráceně Alyeska Pipeline či Alaska Pipeline) je hlavní ropovod Spojených států amerických přepravující ropu z ropných polí na severu Aljašky do přístavu na jejím jihu. Byl dokončen v roce 1977 a denně přepraví maximálně 330 000 metrů krychlových ropy. Mapa trasy hlavní větve ropovodu (cs) Sistem Saluran Pipa Trans-Alaska (Trans-Alaska Pipeline System atau disingkat TAPS) merupakan sistem penyaluran pipa terbesar yang ada di dunia. Sistem Saluran Pipa Trans-Alaska menghubungkan ladang minyak yang berada di Alaska utara, dengan pelabuhan yang berada di Valdez. tesebut telah lama menjadi pusat pengeboran sejak pada tahun 1968. dijadikan pusat pengeboran minyak ketika terjadinya penemuan besar deposit minyak bumi di Lereng Utara Alaska. Pipa trans-Alaska menghubungkan daerah teluk itu ke Valdez, yang berada di Prince William Sound, atau yang berlokasi sekitar 490 km di sebelah timur Anchorage, daerah tersebut merupakan pelabuhan paling utara yang ada di Amerika Utara. (in) L’oléoduc trans-Alaska (en anglais : Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, abrégé en TAPS) relie les champs pétrolifères du nord de l'Alaska à Valdez, port maritime libre de glace d'où le pétrole peut être acheminé pour raffinage. Il traverse tout l'État, du nord au sud, sur 1 288 km. L'oléoduc est exploité par Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, un groupe détenu à 48 % par BP. (fr) The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) is an oil transportation system spanning Alaska, including the trans-Alaska crude-oil pipeline, 11 pump stations, several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, and the Valdez Marine Terminal. TAPS is one of the world's largest pipeline systems. The core pipeline itself, which is commonly called the Alaska pipeline, trans-Alaska pipeline, or Alyeska pipeline, (or the pipeline as referred to in Alaska), is an 800-mile (1,287 km) long, 48-inch (1.22 m) diameter pipeline that conveys oil from Prudhoe Bay, on Alaska's North Slope, south to Valdez, on the shores of Prince William Sound in southcentral Alaska. The crude oil pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. (en) Ropociąg Trans-Alaska, ropociąg na Alasce czy rurociąg alaski (ang. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, Alyeska Pipeline, Trans-Alaska Pipeline, Alaska Pipeline) – rurociąg biegnący z Prudhoe Bay na północnym brzegu Alaski do Valdez na jej południowym brzegu, o długości 1286 km (800 mil lądowych). Obecnie jest to podstawowy, najważniejszy sposób transportu ropy naftowej – wydobywanej na północy stanu – do jej odbiorców. W Valdez do terminalu portowego cumują supertankowce, które dalej przewożą ją głównie do kontynentalnych 48 stanów USA (m.in. do portu w Bellingham w stanie Waszyngton) oraz do portów w Azji. (pl) Трансаляскинський нафтопровід (англ. Trans-Alaska Pipeline, Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, TAPS) — нафтогін на Алясці (США). Призначений для перекачування нафти, яку видобувають на родовищі Прадхо-Бей на Північному Схилі, до незамерзаючого порту міста Валдіз на її південному узбережжі, звідки танкери перевозять нафту на нафтопереробні заводи штату Каліфорнія. (uk) |
| rdfs:label | Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (en) نظام أنابيب ألاسكا (ar) Aljašský ropovod (cs) Trans-Alaska-Pipeline (de) Sistema de oleoducto Trans-Alaska (es) Sistem Saluran Pipa Trans-Alaska (in) Oléoduc trans-Alaska (fr) Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (it) トランス・アラスカ・パイプライン (ja) Trans-Alaskapijpleiding (nl) Ropociąg Trans-Alaska (pl) Трансаляскинский нефтепровод (ru) Трансаляскинський нафтопровід (uk) 縱貫阿拉斯加管道 (zh) |
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