Halonium ion (original) (raw)
Halonium, též haloniový ion, je jakýkoliv ion, jehož součástí je atom halogenu s kladným nábojem. Obecný vzorec je R–X+–R, kde X je libovolný halogen a R je libovolná organická funkční skupina (může mít uzavřený i otevřený řetězec). Haloniové ionty odvozené postupně od fluoru, chloru, bromu a jodu se nazývají fluoronium, , a .
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dbo:abstract | Halonium, též haloniový ion, je jakýkoliv ion, jehož součástí je atom halogenu s kladným nábojem. Obecný vzorec je R–X+–R, kde X je libovolný halogen a R je libovolná organická funkční skupina (může mít uzavřený i otevřený řetězec). Haloniové ionty odvozené postupně od fluoru, chloru, bromu a jodu se nazývají fluoronium, , a . (cs) أيون الهالونيوم هو أيون يحوي في بنيته على ذرة هالوجين موجبة الشحنة. ينطبق هذا التعريف على المركبات الحلقية وغير الحلقية، وهو يشمل جميع الهالوجينات، بالتالي يوجد هناك أيونات الفلورونيوم والكلورونيوم والبرومونيوم واليودونيوم. في بعض الأحيان يحدث تفاعل إعادة ترتيب في الهالونيوم ليعطي كربوكاتيون (كاتيون كربوني)، وخاصة عندما يكون الأخير كاتيون أليلي أو بنزيلي. (ar) A halonium ion is any onium ion containing a halogen atom carrying a positive charge. This cation has the general structure R−−R′ where X is any halogen and no restrictions on R, this structure can be cyclic or an open chain molecular structure. Halonium ions formed from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are called fluoronium, chloronium, bromonium, and iodonium, respectively. The 3-membered cyclic variety commonly proposed as intermediates in electrophilic halogenation may be called haliranium ions, using the Hantzsch-Widman nomenclature system. (en) En chimie organique, un ion halonium est un composé onium contenant un atome d'halogène portant une charge électrique positive. Ce cation possède la structure générique R–X+–R, où X est un halogène et R un résidu organique ou chaîne moléculaire organique ouverte. Des ions halonium se forment avec le fluor, le chlore, le brome et l'iode, appelés respectivement fluoronium, chloronium, bromonium et iodonium. Les ions halonium les plus simples ont une structure H–X+–H, avec X = F, Cl, Br, I. Ils présentent souvent une structure cyclique triatomique résultant de l'addition formelle d'un ion halogénium X+ à une double liaison C=C. (fr) Um íon halônio em química orgânica é qualquer composto ônio (íon) contendo um átomo de halogênio ligado em ponte carregando uma carga positiva. Este cátion tem a estrutura geral R-X+-R onde X é qualquer halogênio e R qualquer radical orgânico e esta estrutura pode ser uma estrutura molecular cíclica ou uma cadeia aberta. Íon halônio foram primeiramente postulados em 1937 por Roberts e Kimball de acordo com observações de em reações de adição de halogênio em alquenos. Eles corretamente discutiam que se o intermediário inicial na brominação é o X--C-C+ de cadeia aberta, rotação em torno da ligação simples C-C poderia ser possível conduzindo a uma mistura de quantidades iguais de isômeros e isômero trans dihalogêneo a qual não é o caso. Eles então afirmaram que um átomo de halogênio positivamente carregado é com o oxigênio e que o átomo de carbono e bromo têm potenciais de ionização comparáveis. Em 1970 George A. Olah foi bem sucedido em preparar e isolar sais de halônio por adicionar um haleto de metila tal como o brometo de metilo ou o cloreto de metilo em dióxido de enxofre a -78°C a um complexo de pentafluoreto de antimônio e tetrafluorometano em dióxido de enxofre. Após evaporação de dióxido de enxofre este procedimento deixa cristais de CH3-X+-CH3SbF6-, estável a temperatura ambiente mas não a umidade. Um íon halônio também refere-se genericamente aos mais simples compostos ônion (íons) baseados em halogênios: , H2F+; , H2Cl+; , H2Br+; , H2I+. (pt) 鹵鎓離子(英語:halonium ion),又稱鹵陽離子,是任何含一個卤素原子的帶正電荷的鎓离子。這種陽離子的一般結構為R−−R′,其中X是任何鹵素,且對R沒有限制。這個結構可以是環狀的,或是一個開鏈的分子結構。由氟、氯、溴、碘形成的鹵鎓離子分別稱為氟正离子(又稱氟鎓離子,國立編譯館舊譯𰽱)、氯正離子(氯鎓離子,⿰钅录)、溴正離子(溴鎓離子,⿰釒臭)和碘正離子(碘鎓離子,𬭓)。經常提出為親電鹵化反應的中間體的三元環狀變體,在汉奇-威德曼杂环命名系统下可以稱為鹵素環丙烷正電子(haliranium ion)。 (zh) |
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rdfs:comment | Halonium, též haloniový ion, je jakýkoliv ion, jehož součástí je atom halogenu s kladným nábojem. Obecný vzorec je R–X+–R, kde X je libovolný halogen a R je libovolná organická funkční skupina (může mít uzavřený i otevřený řetězec). Haloniové ionty odvozené postupně od fluoru, chloru, bromu a jodu se nazývají fluoronium, , a . (cs) أيون الهالونيوم هو أيون يحوي في بنيته على ذرة هالوجين موجبة الشحنة. ينطبق هذا التعريف على المركبات الحلقية وغير الحلقية، وهو يشمل جميع الهالوجينات، بالتالي يوجد هناك أيونات الفلورونيوم والكلورونيوم والبرومونيوم واليودونيوم. في بعض الأحيان يحدث تفاعل إعادة ترتيب في الهالونيوم ليعطي كربوكاتيون (كاتيون كربوني)، وخاصة عندما يكون الأخير كاتيون أليلي أو بنزيلي. (ar) A halonium ion is any onium ion containing a halogen atom carrying a positive charge. This cation has the general structure R−−R′ where X is any halogen and no restrictions on R, this structure can be cyclic or an open chain molecular structure. Halonium ions formed from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are called fluoronium, chloronium, bromonium, and iodonium, respectively. The 3-membered cyclic variety commonly proposed as intermediates in electrophilic halogenation may be called haliranium ions, using the Hantzsch-Widman nomenclature system. (en) En chimie organique, un ion halonium est un composé onium contenant un atome d'halogène portant une charge électrique positive. Ce cation possède la structure générique R–X+–R, où X est un halogène et R un résidu organique ou chaîne moléculaire organique ouverte. Des ions halonium se forment avec le fluor, le chlore, le brome et l'iode, appelés respectivement fluoronium, chloronium, bromonium et iodonium. Les ions halonium les plus simples ont une structure H–X+–H, avec X = F, Cl, Br, I. Ils présentent souvent une structure cyclique triatomique résultant de l'addition formelle d'un ion halogénium X+ à une double liaison C=C. (fr) 鹵鎓離子(英語:halonium ion),又稱鹵陽離子,是任何含一個卤素原子的帶正電荷的鎓离子。這種陽離子的一般結構為R−−R′,其中X是任何鹵素,且對R沒有限制。這個結構可以是環狀的,或是一個開鏈的分子結構。由氟、氯、溴、碘形成的鹵鎓離子分別稱為氟正离子(又稱氟鎓離子,國立編譯館舊譯𰽱)、氯正離子(氯鎓離子,⿰钅录)、溴正離子(溴鎓離子,⿰釒臭)和碘正離子(碘鎓離子,𬭓)。經常提出為親電鹵化反應的中間體的三元環狀變體,在汉奇-威德曼杂环命名系统下可以稱為鹵素環丙烷正電子(haliranium ion)。 (zh) Um íon halônio em química orgânica é qualquer composto ônio (íon) contendo um átomo de halogênio ligado em ponte carregando uma carga positiva. Este cátion tem a estrutura geral R-X+-R onde X é qualquer halogênio e R qualquer radical orgânico e esta estrutura pode ser uma estrutura molecular cíclica ou uma cadeia aberta. Um íon halônio também refere-se genericamente aos mais simples compostos ônion (íons) baseados em halogênios: , H2F+; , H2Cl+; , H2Br+; , H2I+. (pt) |
rdfs:label | أيون الهالونيوم (ar) Halonium (cs) Ion halonium (fr) Halonium ion (en) Íon halônio (pt) 鹵鎓離子 (zh) |
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