Bantu Education Act, 1953 (original) (raw)
De Bantu Education Act (wet nr. 47 van 1953; Afrikaans: Wet op Bantoe-onderwys) was een Zuid-Afrikaanse wet uit 1953 die verschillende aspecten van het apartheidsysteem legaliseerde. De belangrijkste voorziening was het afdwingen van raciaal gescheiden onderwijsfaciliteiten. Zelfs universiteiten werden "tribaal" gemaakt, en op drie na kozen alle zendingsscholen ervoor om te sluiten toen de regering niet langer zou helpen om hun scholen te ondersteunen. Zeer weinig autoriteiten bleven hun eigen financiën gebruiken om onderwijs voor autochtone Afrikanen te ondersteunen.
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| dbo:abstract | The Bantu Education Act 1953 (Act No. 47 of 1953; later renamed the Black Education Act, 1953) was a South African segregation law that legislated for several aspects of the apartheid system. Its major provision enforced racially-separated educational facilities. Even universities were made "tribal", and all but three missionary schools chose to close down when the government would no longer help to support their schools. Very few authorities continued using their own finances to support education for native Africans. In 1959, that type of education was extended to "non-white" universities and colleges with the Extension of University Education Act, and the University College of Fort Hare was taken over by the government and degraded to being part of the Bantu education system. It is often argued that the policy of Bantu (African) education was aimed to direct black or non-white youth to the unskilled labour market although Hendrik Verwoerd, the Minister of Native Affairs, claimed that the aim was to solve South Africa's "ethnic problems" by creating complementary economic and political units for different ethnic groups. The ruling National Party viewed education as having a rather pivotal position in their goal of eventually separating South Africa from the Bantustans entirely. Verwoerd, the "Architect of Apartheid", stated: "There is no place for [the Bantu] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labour.... What is the use of teaching the Bantu child mathematics when it cannot use it in practice?" The Act led to a substantial increase of government funding to the learning institutions of black Africans, but they did not keep up with the population increase. The law forced institutions to be under the direct control of the state. The National Party now had the power to employ and train teachers as it saw fit. Black teachers' salaries in 1953 were extremely low and resulted in a dramatic drop of trainee teachers. Only one third of the black teachers were qualified. The schools reserved for the country's white children were of Western standards. The Act did not stipulate lesser standards of education for non-whites, but it legislated for the establishment of an advisory board and directed the minister to do so. Of the black schools, 30% of had no electricity, 25% had no running water and more than half had no plumbing. Education for Blacks, Indians and Coloureds was substantially cheaper but not free, and the salaries of teachers were set at very low levels. In the 1970s, the per capita governmental spending on black education was one-tenth of the spending on white. In 1976, the Afrikaans Medium Decree of 1974, which forced all black schools to use both Afrikaans and English as languages of instruction from the last year of primary school, led to the Soweto Uprising in which more than 575 people died, at least 134 of them under the age of 18. The Act was repealed in 1979 by the , which continued the system of racially-segregated education but also eliminating both discrimination in tuition fees and the segregated Department of Bantu Education and allowed both the use of native tongue education until the fourth grade and a limited attendance at private schools as well. Segregation became unconstitutional after the introduction of the Interim Constitution in 1994, and most sections of the Education and Training Act were repealed by the South African Schools Act, 1996. The Bantu education Act created a separate inferior education system for black students. The purpose of this act was to make sure that black South Africans would only ever be able to work as unskilled and semi-skilled labourers, even if they were intelligent enough to become skilled. This kept them the servants to white South Africans. (en) Der Bantu Education Act, Act No. 47 / 1953 (Afrikaans: Wet op Bantoe-onderwys; deutsch etwa: „Bantu-Bildungs-Gesetz“) war ein Gesetz, das am 5. Oktober 1953 vom Parlament der Südafrikanischen Union verabschiedet wurde. Die Vorbereitungen zu diesem Gesetz lagen in der Verantwortung von Hendrik Verwoerd, dem damaligen Minister für Eingeborenenangelegenheiten (Minister of Native Affairs) und späteren Premierminister. Mit Bantu (als Synonym für Natives) im Sinne des Gesetzes waren alle Bürger Südafrikas gemeint, die als ein „Mitglied jeder eingeborenen Rasse oder jedes Stammes in Afrika“ ([...] a member of any aboriginal race or tribe of Africa; [...]) angesehen wurden. Das Gesetz schuf die Grundlagen, um für sie im Rahmen der Apartheidpolitik eine „Bantu-Erziehung“ einzuführen, die qualitativ unterhalb der erforderlichen Schulbildung angesetzt war. (de) De Bantu Education Act (wet nr. 47 van 1953; Afrikaans: Wet op Bantoe-onderwys) was een Zuid-Afrikaanse wet uit 1953 die verschillende aspecten van het apartheidsysteem legaliseerde. De belangrijkste voorziening was het afdwingen van raciaal gescheiden onderwijsfaciliteiten. Zelfs universiteiten werden "tribaal" gemaakt, en op drie na kozen alle zendingsscholen ervoor om te sluiten toen de regering niet langer zou helpen om hun scholen te ondersteunen. Zeer weinig autoriteiten bleven hun eigen financiën gebruiken om onderwijs voor autochtone Afrikanen te ondersteunen. (nl) Il Bantu Education Act, 1953 (Legge sull'Educazione Bantu - Act N. 47 del 1953; successivamente rinominato Black Education Act, 1953 - Legge sull'Educazione Nera) fu una norma sudafricana segregazionista che legalizzò differenti aspetti del sistema dell'apartheid. La sua norma principale rafforzava la separazione razziale delle strutture scolastiche. Anche le università furono rese tribali, e tutte, tranne tre scuole missionarie, scelsero di chiudere nel momento in cui il governo non fornì più alcun supporto finanziario alle loro scuole. Pochissime autorità continuarono ad utilizzare propri fondi finanziari al fine di supportare l'educazione per i nativi africani. Nel 1959 questo tipo di educazione fu esteso alle università e ai college per "non bianchi" con l', e l'internazionalmente prestigiosa fu chiusa dal governo e degradata a parte del sistema di educazione bantu. È stato spesso discusso se tale politica di educazione bantu fosse destinata ad introdurre i giovani neri e "non bianchi" al mercato del lavoro meno specializzato sebbene , l'allora Ministro per gli affari dei nativi africani, affermasse che lo scopo era quello di risolvere i "problemi etnici" del Sud Africa creando unità economiche e politiche complementari per differenti gruppi etnici. Le spesso sono accusate di aver valutato l'educazione come elemento centrale nelle loro intenzioni di una eventuale separazione del Sud Africa dai Bantustan. L'allora Ministro degli affari dei nativi africani, Hendrik Verwoerd, dichiarò che: "Non c'è posto per [i bantu] nella comunità europea sopra il livello di certe forme di lavoro... Che senso hal'insegnamento della matematica ai bambini bantu quando non può essere poi utilizzata nella pratica?" La scissione educativa di cui sopra è stata la peggiore calamità del tempo per i nativi. Le loro scuole insegnavano loro ad essere servitori degli afrikaner del tempo. L'introduzione dell'educazione per i bantu ha portato ad un aumento sostanziale dei alle istituzioni di apprendimento per i neri africani, ma non teneva il passo con l'aumento della popolazione. La legge obbligava gli istituti a porsi sotto il controllo diretto dello Stato. Il National Party aveva ora il potere di assumere e formare gli insegnanti come meglio credeva. Gli stipendi degli insegnanti neri nel 1953 erano estremamente bassi e portò ad un drastico calo di insegnanti nella formazione. Solo un terzo degli insegnanti neri erano qualificati. Le scuole riservate ai bambini bianchi del paese erano secondo gli standard occidentali e l'educazione era sia obbligatoria sia gratuita. Il 30% delle scuole nere non avevano elettricità, il 25% acqua potabile e meno della metà aveva un sistema idraulico. L'educazione per i neri, indiani e meticci non era gratuita. Negli anni '70 la spesa pro capite per l'istruzione per i neri era un decimo della spesa del bilancio rispetto all'insegnamento destinato ai bianchi. Nel 1976 l'Afrikaans Medium Decree del 1974, che costrinse tutte le scuole nere ad utilizzare sia l'afrikaans sia l'inglese come lingue di istruzione iniziando con l'ultimo anno della scuola primaria, portò alla in cui più di 575 persone perirono e almeno 134 di questi era di età inferiore ai diciotto anni. L'atto fu abrogato nel 1979 dall', che continuò il sistema di istruzione sulla base della segregazione razziale. La segregazione divenne incostituzionale dopo l'introduzione della Costituzione provvisoria nel 1994, e la maggior parte delle norme della legge sull'istruzione e la formazione sono state abrogate dal . (it) バントゥー教育法（Bantu Education Act：1953年第47号法案、Act No. 47 of 1953）は南アフリカ共和国のアパルトヘイト法の一つ。原住民（南アフリカの黒人）に対する教育を国家による統制下に置くと共に、バントゥー教育と一般に呼ばれる人種主義的な教育体制を形成した。 (ja) |
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| rdfs:comment | De Bantu Education Act (wet nr. 47 van 1953; Afrikaans: Wet op Bantoe-onderwys) was een Zuid-Afrikaanse wet uit 1953 die verschillende aspecten van het apartheidsysteem legaliseerde. De belangrijkste voorziening was het afdwingen van raciaal gescheiden onderwijsfaciliteiten. Zelfs universiteiten werden "tribaal" gemaakt, en op drie na kozen alle zendingsscholen ervoor om te sluiten toen de regering niet langer zou helpen om hun scholen te ondersteunen. Zeer weinig autoriteiten bleven hun eigen financiën gebruiken om onderwijs voor autochtone Afrikanen te ondersteunen. (nl) バントゥー教育法（Bantu Education Act：1953年第47号法案、Act No. 47 of 1953）は南アフリカ共和国のアパルトヘイト法の一つ。原住民（南アフリカの黒人）に対する教育を国家による統制下に置くと共に、バントゥー教育と一般に呼ばれる人種主義的な教育体制を形成した。 (ja) The Bantu Education Act 1953 (Act No. 47 of 1953; later renamed the Black Education Act, 1953) was a South African segregation law that legislated for several aspects of the apartheid system. Its major provision enforced racially-separated educational facilities. Even universities were made "tribal", and all but three missionary schools chose to close down when the government would no longer help to support their schools. Very few authorities continued using their own finances to support education for native Africans. In 1959, that type of education was extended to "non-white" universities and colleges with the Extension of University Education Act, and the University College of Fort Hare was taken over by the government and degraded to being part of the Bantu education system. It is often (en) Der Bantu Education Act, Act No. 47 / 1953 (Afrikaans: Wet op Bantoe-onderwys; deutsch etwa: „Bantu-Bildungs-Gesetz“) war ein Gesetz, das am 5. Oktober 1953 vom Parlament der Südafrikanischen Union verabschiedet wurde. Die Vorbereitungen zu diesem Gesetz lagen in der Verantwortung von Hendrik Verwoerd, dem damaligen Minister für Eingeborenenangelegenheiten (Minister of Native Affairs) und späteren Premierminister. Mit Bantu (als Synonym für Natives) im Sinne des Gesetzes waren alle Bürger Südafrikas gemeint, die als ein „Mitglied jeder eingeborenen Rasse oder jedes Stammes in Afrika“ ([...] a member of any aboriginal race or tribe of Africa; [...]) angesehen wurden. Das Gesetz schuf die Grundlagen, um für sie im Rahmen der Apartheidpolitik eine „Bantu-Erziehung“ einzuführen, die qualitativ (de) Il Bantu Education Act, 1953 (Legge sull'Educazione Bantu - Act N. 47 del 1953; successivamente rinominato Black Education Act, 1953 - Legge sull'Educazione Nera) fu una norma sudafricana segregazionista che legalizzò differenti aspetti del sistema dell'apartheid. La sua norma principale rafforzava la separazione razziale delle strutture scolastiche. Anche le università furono rese tribali, e tutte, tranne tre scuole missionarie, scelsero di chiudere nel momento in cui il governo non fornì più alcun supporto finanziario alle loro scuole. Pochissime autorità continuarono ad utilizzare propri fondi finanziari al fine di supportare l'educazione per i nativi africani. Nel 1959 questo tipo di educazione fu esteso alle università e ai college per "non bianchi" con l', e l'internazionalmente pres (it) |
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