Bazaari (original) (raw)
Bazaari (Persian: بازاری) is the merchant class and workers of bazaars, the traditional marketplaces of Iran. Bazaari are involved in "petty trade of a traditional, or nearly traditional, kind, centered on the bazaar and its Islamic culture". They have been described as "the class of people who helped make the 1979 Iranian Revolution". The bazaari continue to underpin the ruling elite today, one example being Noor Foundation Director Mohsen Rafighdoost, whose wealth has been described by American journalist Robert D. Kaplan as likely to amount to "tens or hundreds of millions of dollars".
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| dbo:abstract | Bazaari (Persian: بازاری) is the merchant class and workers of bazaars, the traditional marketplaces of Iran. Bazaari are involved in "petty trade of a traditional, or nearly traditional, kind, centered on the bazaar and its Islamic culture". They have been described as "the class of people who helped make the 1979 Iranian Revolution". A broader, more recent definition includes traditional merchants outside of Iran, "a social class...in places where the society is in the midst of an awkward modernization; where the bazaar is in some stage of transition between the world of A Thousand and One Nights and that of the suburban shopping mall", an example being traditional merchants (also Muslim) who back the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. However, it has also been noted that merchants in other Middle Eastern countries are predominantly minority non-Muslim populations without the political influence of bazaari in Iran. Bazaari differ from a social class as usually defined, in that they include both "rich wholesalers and bankers" as well as lower-income workers. They are united not in their relation to the means of production but "in their resistance to dependence on the West and the spread of Western ways", their "traditionalist attitude", and their "close family, financial, and cultural ties" with the Shia ulama, or clerical class. Bazaari, "led by its large merchants", in alliance with ulama clergy "or important parts of the clergy", have played an important part in recent Iranian history. The alliance was "central" to the successful Tobacco Protest against a British monopoly tobacco concession of 1891–92, to the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–11, and especially to the 1979 overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Bazaari supported victims of the anti-Shah struggles in 1978 and their families, as well as providing "financial support for the antiregime strikes that began in May 1978 among university students and teachers and in the fall [of 1978] spread to the workers and civil servants". The bazaari continue to underpin the ruling elite today, one example being Noor Foundation Director Mohsen Rafighdoost, whose wealth has been described by American journalist Robert D. Kaplan as likely to amount to "tens or hundreds of millions of dollars". (en) Bazari (także: Bazaari) – kupcy bazarowi w Iranie. Bazari stanowią bardzo ważną grupę nacisku w społeczeństwie irańskim, gdzie większość handlu odbywa się poprzez bazary (np. największy ). Kupcy handlują właściwie wszystkimi możliwymi do sprzedaży bazarowej towarami, ale bardzo wpływowa część z nich specjalizuje się w tradycyjnych muzułmańskich produktach, takich jak np. dywany. Kupcy bazarowi byli jedną z podpór rewolucji islamskiej w Iranie w 1979. Ich wsparcie odegrało bardzo poważną rolę w upadku szacha Mohammada Rezy Pahlawiego. Jest to klasa dość konserwatywna i w większości wrogo lub sceptycznie nastawiona do Zachodu. Przestrzegają skrupulatnie nakazów islamu, noszą tradycyjne stroje i utrzymują wielopokoleniowe rodziny. Mimo tego ich polityczne nastroje uległy stopniowej erozji, w wyniku problemów gospodarczych, w jakie wpędził Iran Mahmud Ahmadineżad i jego poplecznicy, których preferował w biznesie. Spowodowało to wymierne straty finansowe dla kupców. W wyniku tego w wyborach prezydenckich w 2009 poparli masowo Hosejna Musawiego. (pl) Bazari är namnet på Irans traditionella köpmannaklass, bestående av köpmän och arbetare i basarerna, de traditionella marknadsplatserna i Iran. Bazari har beskrivits som "den klass av människor som hjälpte till att göra 1979 års iranska revolution möjlig". En bredare och nyare definition omfattar traditionella köpmän även i andra länder än Iran, "en social klass ... på platser där samhället är mitt i en krävande modernisering, där basaren är i något skede av övergången mellan den värld som beskrivs i Tusen och en natt" och det nutida moderna samhället. Ett exempel är traditionella köpmän (även muslimer) som stöder Muslimska brödraskapet i Egypten. Det har dock visat sig att handlarna i många länder i Mellanöstern huvudsakligen är icke-muslimer och att de saknar det politiska inflytande som bazari har i Iran. Bazaris omfattar både rika köpmän och arbetare med lägre inkomster och kan därför inte beskrivas som en enhetlig klass i socioekonomiska termer. De förenas inte i sin relation till produktionsmedlen utan i sitt motstånd mot västliga kulturella och ekonomiska influenser samt sina nära band till ulaman. Köpmännen i bazari-klassen har i allians med delar av prästerskapet i ulaman, spelat en viktig roll i modern iransk historia. Alliansen var "central" i den framgångsrika tobaksprotesten mot en koncession som gav brittiska intressen monopol på tobakshandeln 1891-1892, i den persiska konstitutionella revolutionen 1905-1911, och inte minst i störtandet av shahen av Iran under den islamiska revolutionen 1979.Bazari gav stöd till "offrens familjer" när upprorsmän skadades och dödades under oroligheterna 1978 och gav ekonomiskt stöd till de strejker som började bland studenter och lärare i maj 1978 och som under hösten 1978 spridit sig till arbetare och tjänstemän. (sv) |
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| rdfs:comment | Bazaari (Persian: بازاری) is the merchant class and workers of bazaars, the traditional marketplaces of Iran. Bazaari are involved in "petty trade of a traditional, or nearly traditional, kind, centered on the bazaar and its Islamic culture". They have been described as "the class of people who helped make the 1979 Iranian Revolution". The bazaari continue to underpin the ruling elite today, one example being Noor Foundation Director Mohsen Rafighdoost, whose wealth has been described by American journalist Robert D. Kaplan as likely to amount to "tens or hundreds of millions of dollars". (en) Bazari (także: Bazaari) – kupcy bazarowi w Iranie. Bazari stanowią bardzo ważną grupę nacisku w społeczeństwie irańskim, gdzie większość handlu odbywa się poprzez bazary (np. największy ). Kupcy handlują właściwie wszystkimi możliwymi do sprzedaży bazarowej towarami, ale bardzo wpływowa część z nich specjalizuje się w tradycyjnych muzułmańskich produktach, takich jak np. dywany. (pl) Bazari är namnet på Irans traditionella köpmannaklass, bestående av köpmän och arbetare i basarerna, de traditionella marknadsplatserna i Iran. Bazari har beskrivits som "den klass av människor som hjälpte till att göra 1979 års iranska revolution möjlig". Bazaris omfattar både rika köpmän och arbetare med lägre inkomster och kan därför inte beskrivas som en enhetlig klass i socioekonomiska termer. De förenas inte i sin relation till produktionsmedlen utan i sitt motstånd mot västliga kulturella och ekonomiska influenser samt sina nära band till ulaman. (sv) |
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