Branching (polymer chemistry) (original) (raw)

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Bei der Pfropfcopolymerisation handelt es sich um eine Technik zur Darstellung von Polymeren, deren Hauptkette Ausgangspunkt für weitere Ketten eines anderen Monomertyps bildet. So entsteht ein Copolymer, an dessen Hauptkette sich kammartig Ketten eines weiteren Monomertyps anschließen. Damit besteht eine weitere Möglichkeit, Kunststoffe mit neuen definierten Eigenschaften zu entwickeln.

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| | dbo:abstract | In polymer chemistry, branching is the regular or irregular attachment of side chains to a polymer's backbone chain. It occurs by the replacement of a substituent (e.g. a hydrogen atom) on a monomer subunit by another covalently-bonded chain of that polymer; or, in the case of a graft copolymer, by a chain of another type. Branched polymers have more compact and symmetrical molecular conformations, and exhibit intra-heterogeneous dynamical behavior with respect to the unbranched polymers. In crosslinking rubber by vulcanization, short sulfur branches link polyisoprene chains (or a synthetic variant) into a multiple-branched thermosetting elastomer. Rubber can also be so completely vulcanized that it becomes a rigid solid, so hard it can be used as the bit in a smoking pipe. Polycarbonate chains can be crosslinked to form the hardest, most impact-resistant thermosetting plastic, used in safety glasses. Branching may result from the formation of carbon-carbon or various other types of covalent bonds. Branching by ester and amide bonds is typically by a condensation reaction, producing one molecule of water (or HCl) for each bond formed. Polymers which are branched but not crosslinked are generally thermoplastic. Branching sometimes occurs spontaneously during synthesis of polymers; e.g., by free-radical polymerization of ethylene to form polyethylene. In fact, preventing branching to produce linear polyethylene requires special methods. Because of the way polyamides are formed, nylon would seem to be limited to unbranched, straight chains. But "star" branched nylon can be produced by the condensation of dicarboxylic acids with polyamines having three or more amino groups. Branching also occurs naturally during enzymatically-catalyzed polymerization of glucose to form polysaccharides such as glycogen (animals), and amylopectin, a form of starch (plants). The unbranched form of starch is called amylose. The ultimate in branching is a completely crosslinked network such as found in Bakelite, a phenol-formaldehyde thermoset resin. (en) Bei der Pfropfcopolymerisation handelt es sich um eine Technik zur Darstellung von Polymeren, deren Hauptkette Ausgangspunkt für weitere Ketten eines anderen Monomertyps bildet. So entsteht ein Copolymer, an dessen Hauptkette sich kammartig Ketten eines weiteren Monomertyps anschließen. Damit besteht eine weitere Möglichkeit, Kunststoffe mit neuen definierten Eigenschaften zu entwickeln. (de) Un polymère ramifié (ou branché) est un polymère présentant au moins un point de ramification entre ses deux groupes terminaux, un point de ramification (aussi appelé point de branchement) étant un point d'une chaîne sur lequel est fixée une chaîne latérale aussi appelée branche ou chaîne pendante. La chaîne latérale est dite greffon lorsque sa composition est différente de celle de la chaîne principale, terme choisi par analogie avec les greffes en botanique. Dans le cas précis des polymères, une chaîne latérale désigne un substituant oligomère ou polymère fixé à une chaîne macromoléculaire. Les ramifications oligomères peuvent être appelées branches courtes et les ramifications polymères peuvent être appelées branches longues. Les chaînes latérales des polymères ramifiés ne doivent pas être confondues avec les groupes latéraux (ou pendants) des polymères linéaires. Contrairement aux chaînes latérales, les groupes latéraux sont des substituants d'une chaîne qui ne sont ni des oligomères ni des polymères. (fr) 分枝（ぶんし）とは、高分子化学においてポリマー鎖の途中の水素原子が他の鎖の末端に置換し、鎖の途中からさらに鎖が生成されること、およびその構造をいう。短鎖分枝、長鎖分枝とに大別できる。 ゴムに加硫を行うと、イソプレン鎖の間に硫黄の短鎖によるが生じ、高度に分枝した 熱硬化性のエラストマーが得られる。さらに多量の加硫を行えば硬質の固体となり、これはパイプの吸い口などに用いられる。ポリカーボネートも分枝によって架橋結合を形成し、より硬く衝撃に強い熱硬化性樹脂となる。これは安全ガラスに使われる。 分枝は炭素−炭素結合、炭素−酸素結合などを含む様々な共有結合によって形成される。縮合反応によるエステル結合やアミド結合が一般的なものである。 分枝しているが架橋構造を持たない高分子は通常熱可塑性を持つ。分枝は高分子を合成する際にはしばしば自発的に起こる。例えばエチレンのラジカル重合などでみられ、分枝を防いで直線状のポリエチレンを得るには特殊な方法を要する。一方、合成法の異なるナイロンなどのポリアミドの場合は直線状の物のみが得られる。ただし3つ以上のアミノ基を持つポリアミンとジカルボン酸をモノマーとして用いると、星型に分枝したナイロンが生成する。 天然の高分子としては、酵素によって触媒されるグルコースの重合によって、分枝した構造を持つ多糖、例えばグリコーゲン、アミロペクチン、デンプンなどが知られる。直鎖状のものはアミロースと呼ばれる。 フェノール樹脂は非常に高度に分枝しており、架橋によるネットワーク構造を持つ。 (ja) In chimica organica una catena ramificata rappresenta un legame tra atomi di carbonio che genera ramificazioni rispetto ad una struttura lineare. La ramificazione influenza proprietà chimico-fisiche, quali il punto di ebollizione, minore ad esempio per gli isomeri strutturali ramificati in confronto a molecole lineari (a parità di peso molecolare) e la solubilità; ciò è dovuto ad un differente effetto dei legami chimici secondari. Gli idrocarburi a catena ramificata conferiscono maggiore qualità alla benzina, abbassandone il potere indetonante. La ramificazione influenza anche la reattività e stabilità di carbocationi e radicali organici, oltre a manifestare differenti effetti in ambito biochimico. Ad esempio l'emoglobina caratteristica delle cellule falciformi contiene valina, amminoacido con catena ramificata apolare, in sostituzione dell'acido glutammico, con catena polare: tale differenza, che consiste in una molecola diversa su un totale di ben 146 amminoacidi, rende l'emoglobina meno stabile e meno adatta al trasporto di ossigeno causando anemia drepanocitica (anemia falciforme o drepanocitosi). Esempio di catena ramificata: CH(CH3)2 | CH3-CH-CH-CH3 | CH3 La nomenclatura IUPAC prevede l'individuazione della catena principale, cioè quella contenente il maggior numero di atomi di carbonio, e l'evidenziazione delle ramificazioni in funzione della numerazione degli atomi di carbonio della catena principale. Nel caso citato ad esempio la catena principale è quella corrispondente al pentano, sono presenti tre ramificazioni metiliche sui carboni numero 2, 3 e 4: la nomenclatura IUPAC sarà quindi 2,3,4-trimetilpentano. (it) Een entcopolymeer is een vorm van een copolymeer. Een molecuul van een entcopolymeer bestaat uit een keten of "ruggengraat" van een eerste soort polymeer waarop een of meer ketens van een tweede soort polymeer "geënt" zijn. De ruggengraat noemt men ook wel het "substraat" en de zijketens het "superstraat". Een entcopolymeer kan men schematisch voorstellen aan de hand van de volgende structuurformule: -A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A- | | B B | | B B | | B B | | De ruggengraat en de zijketens van een entcopolymeer hebben een verschillende structuur; ze kunnen bestaan uit verschillende monomeren zoals in het schema, maar ook uit dezelfde monomeren als die op een andere manier gerangschikt zijn. Bijvoorbeeld een ruggengraat bestaande uit een blokcopolymeer van monomeren A en B waarop zijketens van een alternerend copolymeer A-B zijn aangebracht is ook een entcopolymeer. Een typisch voorbeeld van een entcopolymeer bestaat uit een ruggengraat van polybutadieen met zijketens van polystyreen. Het wordt geproduceerd door eerst 1,3-butadieen te polymeriseren tot polybutadieen. Butadieen is een alkadieen met twee dubbele bindingen; bij polymerisatie blijft er een dubbele binding per monomeereenheid over. In een volgende stap wordt dan styreen (of een styreenderivaat zoals alfa-methylstyreen) gepolymeriseerd in aanwezigheid van de polybutadieenlatex. Een gedeelte van de polystyreenketens zal "groeien" aan een polybutadieenketen op een plaats waar er een dubbele binding was. Na afloop van de polymerisatie kan dit entcopolymeer eventueel afgescheiden worden van het zuivere polystyreen. Het entcopolymeer combineert de hardheid en de sterkte van polystyreen met de weerstand tegen impact van butadieenrubber en is niet zo bros als puur polystyreen, vandaar de benaming High-Impact Polystyrene of HIPS. (nl) Em química de polímeros, a ramificação ocorre pela substituição de um substituinte, e.g., um átomo de hidrogênio, em uma subunidade monômero, por outra cadeia ligada covalentemente deste polímero; ou, no caso de um copolímero grafitizado (ou enxertado), por uma cadeia de outro tipo. Polímeros ramificados tem conformações moleculares mais compactas e simétricas, e exibe comportamento dinâmico intra-heterogêneo em relação aos polímeros não ramificados. Em borracha reticulada por vulcanização, ramificações curtas de enxofre ligam cadeias de poli-isopreno (ou uma variante sintética) em um elastômero termofixo de ramificações múltiplas. Borracha também pode ser tão vulcanizada que torna-se um sólido rígido, tão duro que pode ser usado como uma ponteira de cachimbo. De fato, nos primórdios da indústria da borracha vulcanizada, Charles Goodyear chegou a desenvolver toda uma possível indústria de móveis de borracha, em substituição à madeira, além de inúmeros objetos de uso doméstico de menores proporções. Cadeias de policarbonato podem ser reticuladas para formar plástico termofixo mais duro e mais resistente ao impacto, usado em vidros de segurança. (pt) | | dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Polymer_Branch.svg?width=300 | | | | | | | | | | | dbo:wikiPageID | 3493505 (xsd:integer) | | | | | | | | | | | dbo:wikiPageLength | 9413 (xsd:nonNegativeInteger) | | | | | | | | | | | dbo:wikiPageRevisionID | 1112411534 (xsd:integer) | | | | | | | | | | | dbo:wikiPageWikiLink | dbr:Carbon dbr:Catalyst dbr:Rubber dbr:Molecule dbr:Metallocene dbr:Monomer dbr:Alkyl dbr:Hydrogen_atom dbr:Hydrogen_chloride dbr:Interpenetrating_polymer_network dbc:Organic_chemistry dbr:Crosslink dbr:Chemical_bond dbr:Chemical_synthesis dbr:Ester dbr:Thermoplastic dbr:Radical_polymerization dbr:Enzyme dbr:Giulio_Natta dbr:Glasses dbr:Glucose dbr:Graph_(discrete_mathematics) dbr:Cross-link dbr:Animal dbr:Starch dbr:Dendrimer dbr:Plastic dbr:Polyamide dbr:Tensile_strength dbr:Polymerization dbr:Backbone_chain dbr:Bakelite dbc:Polymer_chemistry dbr:Triethylaluminium dbr:Graft_copolymer dbr:Aluminium dbr:Amide dbr:Amylopectin dbr:Amylose dbr:Ethylene dbr:Formaldehyde dbr:Dicarboxylic_acid dbr:Glycogen dbr:Molecular_dipole_moment dbr:Radius_of_gyration dbr:International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry dbr:Isoprene dbr:Isotactic dbr:Covalent_bond dbr:Tacticity dbr:Karl_Ziegler dbr:Sulfur dbr:Ziegler–Natta_catalyst dbr:Phenol dbr:Plant dbr:Polycarbonate dbr:Polyethylene dbr:Polymer dbr:Nylon dbr:Solid dbr:Vulcanization dbr:Water dbr:Ethyl_group dbr:Polysaccharide dbr:Polyamine dbr:Polymer_brush dbr:Polymer_chemistry dbr:Side_chain dbr:Star-shaped_polymer dbr:Thermosetting_polymer dbr:Substituent dbr:Free_radical_reaction dbr:Amino_group dbr:Atactic dbr:Syndiotactic dbr:Condensation_(chemistry) dbr:Smoking_pipe_(tobacco) dbr:Molecular_conformation dbr:Thermoset dbr:Wikt:network dbr:File:1,3-Butadiene_Polymerization.svg dbr:File:DendrimerNewkome1985.png dbr:File:Glycogen.svg dbr:File:Polymer_Branch.svg | | | | | | | | | | | dbp:align | right (en) | | | | | | | | | | | dbp:quote | Branched chain: A chain with at least one branch point intermediate between the boundary units. Branching index: A parameter, g, characterizing the effect of long-chain branches on the size of a branched macromolecule in solution and defined as the ratio of the mean-square radius of gyration of a branched molecule, b2> , to that of an otherwise identical linear molecule, i2>, with the same relative molecular mass in the same solvent and at the same temperature, i.e. g= b2>÷i2> (en) | | | | | | | | | | | dbp:title | IUPAC definition (en) | | | | | | | | | | | dbp:width | 30.0 | | | | | | | | | | | dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate | dbt:Cleanup_bare_URLs dbt:Commons_category-inline dbt:More_citations_needed dbt:Quote_box dbt:Reflist dbt:Short_description | | | | | | | | | | | dcterms:subject | dbc:Organic_chemistry dbc:Polymer_chemistry | | | | | | | | | | | rdf:type | yago:Abstraction100002137 yago:Chemical114806838 yago:Compound114818238 yago:Material114580897 yago:Matter100020827 yago:Part113809207 yago:PhysicalEntity100001930 yago:Polymer114994328 yago:Relation100031921 yago:Substance100019613 yago:WikicatPolymers | | | | | | | | | | | rdfs:comment | Bei der Pfropfcopolymerisation handelt es sich um eine Technik zur Darstellung von Polymeren, deren Hauptkette Ausgangspunkt für weitere Ketten eines anderen Monomertyps bildet. So entsteht ein Copolymer, an dessen Hauptkette sich kammartig Ketten eines weiteren Monomertyps anschließen. Damit besteht eine weitere Möglichkeit, Kunststoffe mit neuen definierten Eigenschaften zu entwickeln. (de) In polymer chemistry, branching is the regular or irregular attachment of side chains to a polymer's backbone chain. It occurs by the replacement of a substituent (e.g. a hydrogen atom) on a monomer subunit by another covalently-bonded chain of that polymer; or, in the case of a graft copolymer, by a chain of another type. Branched polymers have more compact and symmetrical molecular conformations, and exhibit intra-heterogeneous dynamical behavior with respect to the unbranched polymers. In crosslinking rubber by vulcanization, short sulfur branches link polyisoprene chains (or a synthetic variant) into a multiple-branched thermosetting elastomer. Rubber can also be so completely vulcanized that it becomes a rigid solid, so hard it can be used as the bit in a smoking pipe. Polycarbonate c (en) Un polymère ramifié (ou branché) est un polymère présentant au moins un point de ramification entre ses deux groupes terminaux, un point de ramification (aussi appelé point de branchement) étant un point d'une chaîne sur lequel est fixée une chaîne latérale aussi appelée branche ou chaîne pendante. La chaîne latérale est dite greffon lorsque sa composition est différente de celle de la chaîne principale, terme choisi par analogie avec les greffes en botanique. (fr) In chimica organica una catena ramificata rappresenta un legame tra atomi di carbonio che genera ramificazioni rispetto ad una struttura lineare. La ramificazione influenza proprietà chimico-fisiche, quali il punto di ebollizione, minore ad esempio per gli isomeri strutturali ramificati in confronto a molecole lineari (a parità di peso molecolare) e la solubilità; ciò è dovuto ad un differente effetto dei legami chimici secondari. Gli idrocarburi a catena ramificata conferiscono maggiore qualità alla benzina, abbassandone il potere indetonante. La ramificazione influenza anche la reattività e stabilità di carbocationi e radicali organici, oltre a manifestare differenti effetti in ambito biochimico. Ad esempio l'emoglobina caratteristica delle cellule falciformi contiene valina, amminoacido (it) 分枝（ぶんし）とは、高分子化学においてポリマー鎖の途中の水素原子が他の鎖の末端に置換し、鎖の途中からさらに鎖が生成されること、およびその構造をいう。短鎖分枝、長鎖分枝とに大別できる。 ゴムに加硫を行うと、イソプレン鎖の間に硫黄の短鎖によるが生じ、高度に分枝した 熱硬化性のエラストマーが得られる。さらに多量の加硫を行えば硬質の固体となり、これはパイプの吸い口などに用いられる。ポリカーボネートも分枝によって架橋結合を形成し、より硬く衝撃に強い熱硬化性樹脂となる。これは安全ガラスに使われる。 分枝は炭素−炭素結合、炭素−酸素結合などを含む様々な共有結合によって形成される。縮合反応によるエステル結合やアミド結合が一般的なものである。 分枝しているが架橋構造を持たない高分子は通常熱可塑性を持つ。分枝は高分子を合成する際にはしばしば自発的に起こる。例えばエチレンのラジカル重合などでみられ、分枝を防いで直線状のポリエチレンを得るには特殊な方法を要する。一方、合成法の異なるナイロンなどのポリアミドの場合は直線状の物のみが得られる。ただし3つ以上のアミノ基を持つポリアミンとジカルボン酸をモノマーとして用いると、星型に分枝したナイロンが生成する。 フェノール樹脂は非常に高度に分枝しており、架橋によるネットワーク構造を持つ。 (ja) Een entcopolymeer is een vorm van een copolymeer. Een molecuul van een entcopolymeer bestaat uit een keten of "ruggengraat" van een eerste soort polymeer waarop een of meer ketens van een tweede soort polymeer "geënt" zijn. De ruggengraat noemt men ook wel het "substraat" en de zijketens het "superstraat". Een entcopolymeer kan men schematisch voorstellen aan de hand van de volgende structuurformule: -A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A- | | B B | | B B | | B B | | (nl) Em química de polímeros, a ramificação ocorre pela substituição de um substituinte, e.g., um átomo de hidrogênio, em uma subunidade monômero, por outra cadeia ligada covalentemente deste polímero; ou, no caso de um copolímero grafitizado (ou enxertado), por uma cadeia de outro tipo. Polímeros ramificados tem conformações moleculares mais compactas e simétricas, e exibe comportamento dinâmico intra-heterogêneo em relação aos polímeros não ramificados. Em borracha reticulada por vulcanização, ramificações curtas de enxofre ligam cadeias de poli-isopreno (ou uma variante sintética) em um elastômero termofixo de ramificações múltiplas. Borracha também pode ser tão vulcanizada que torna-se um sólido rígido, tão duro que pode ser usado como uma ponteira de cachimbo. De fato, nos primórdios da in (pt) | | | | rdfs:label | Pfropfcopolymerisation (de) Branching (polymer chemistry) (en) Polymère ramifié (fr) Catena ramificata (it) 分枝 (化学) (ja) Entcopolymeer (nl) Polímero ramificado (pt) | | | | | | | | | | | owl:sameAs | freebase:Branching (polymer chemistry) yago-res:Branching (polymer chemistry) wikidata:Branching (polymer chemistry) dbpedia-de:Branching (polymer chemistry) dbpedia-fr:Branching (polymer chemistry) dbpedia-it:Branching (polymer chemistry) dbpedia-ja:Branching (polymer chemistry) dbpedia-nl:Branching (polymer chemistry) dbpedia-pt:Branching (polymer chemistry) https://global.dbpedia.org/id/4n3uU | | | | | | | | | | | prov:wasDerivedFrom | wikipedia-en:Branching_(polymer_chemistry)?oldid=1112411534&ns=0 | | | | | | | | | | | foaf:depiction | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Glycogen.svg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/1,3-Butadiene_Polymerization.svg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Polymer_Branch.svg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/DendrimerNewkome1985.png | | | | | | | | | | | foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf | wikipedia-en:Branching_(polymer_chemistry) | | | | | | | | | | | is dbo:wikiPageDisambiguates of | dbr:Branch_(disambiguation) | | | | | | | | | | | is dbo:wikiPageRedirects of | dbr:Polymer_network dbr:Branched-chain dbr:Branched_polymer | | | | | | | | | | | is dbo:wikiPageWikiLink of | dbr:Carothers_equation dbr:Branch_(disambiguation) dbr:End-group dbr:Biochemistry dbr:Curing_(chemistry) dbr:Polymer_architecture dbr:Side-chain dbr:Low-density_polyethylene dbr:Copolymer dbr:Cross-link dbr:Chlorosilane dbr:Dendrimer dbr:Polybutadiene dbr:Polymerization dbr:2-Methyleneglutaronitrile dbr:Aldol_reaction dbr:Paraffin_wax dbr:Carbon–carbon_bond dbr:Flory–Huggins_solution_theory dbr:Glycogen_phosphorylase dbr:Graft_polymer dbr:Knotted_polymers dbr:High-density_polyethylene dbr:Polyomino dbr:Polycarbonate dbr:Polydimethylsiloxane dbr:Polyethylene dbr:Polymer dbr:Chain-growth_polymerization dbr:Chain_transfer dbr:Spherulite_(polymer_physics) dbr:Step-growth_polymerization dbr:Photopolymer dbr:Polymer_chemistry dbr:Side_chain dbr:Silicone dbr:Sol–gel_process dbr:Star-shaped_polymer dbr:Structural_unit dbr:Random_coil dbr:Topological_polymers dbr:Polymer_network dbr:Branched-chain dbr:Branched_polymer | | | | | | | | | | | is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Branching_(polymer_chemistry) | | | | | | | | | |