Bushranger (original) (raw)

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Als Bushranger (oder Bush-ranger) wurden ursprünglich entlaufene Sträflinge in Australien bezeichnet. Später fand der Begriff Anwendung auf Gesetzlose und Räuber, deren Rückzugsgebiet die unwirtliche Buschlandschaft war. John Caesar (1764–1796), wegen seiner afrikanischen Wurzeln „Black Caesar“ genannt, war der erste australische Bushranger. Der bekannteste Bushranger, Ned Kelly (1855–1880), war auch einer der letzten.

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dbo:abstract Als Bushranger (oder Bush-ranger) wurden ursprünglich entlaufene Sträflinge in Australien bezeichnet. Später fand der Begriff Anwendung auf Gesetzlose und Räuber, deren Rückzugsgebiet die unwirtliche Buschlandschaft war. John Caesar (1764–1796), wegen seiner afrikanischen Wurzeln „Black Caesar“ genannt, war der erste australische Bushranger. Der bekannteste Bushranger, Ned Kelly (1855–1880), war auch einer der letzten. (de) Bushrangers were originally escaped convicts in the early years of the British settlement of Australia who used the bush as a refuge to hide from the authorities. By the 1820s, the term had evolved to refer to those who took up "robbery under arms" as a way of life, using the bush as their base. Bushranging thrived during the gold rush years of the 1850s and 1860s when the likes of Ben Hall, Bluecap, and Captain Thunderbolt roamed the country districts of New South Wales. These "Wild Colonial Boys", mostly Australian-born sons of convicts, were roughly analogous to British "highwaymen" and outlaws of the American Old West, and their crimes typically included robbing small-town banks and coach services. In certain cases, such as that of Dan Morgan, the Clarke brothers, and Australia's best-known bushranger, Ned Kelly, numerous policemen were murdered. The number of bushrangers declined due to better policing and improvements in rail transport and communication technology, such as telegraphy. Although bushrangers appeared sporadically into the early 20th century, most historians regard Kelly's capture and execution in 1880 as effectively representing the end of the bushranging era. Bushranging exerted a powerful influence in Australia, lasting for over a century and predominating in the eastern colonies. Its origins in a convict system bred a unique kind of desperado, most frequently with an Irish political background. Native-born bushrangers also expressed nascent Australian nationalist views and are recognised as "the first distinctively Australian characters to gain general recognition." As such, a number of bushrangers became folk heroes and symbols of rebellion against the authorities, admired for their bravery, rough chivalry and colourful personalities. However, in stark contrast to romantic portrayals in the arts and popular culture, bushrangers tended to lead lives that were "nasty, brutish and short", with some earning notoriety for their cruelty and bloodthirst. Australian attitudes toward bushrangers remain complex and ambivalent. (en) Los bushrangers (también escrito bush rangers) eran, en los primeros tiempos de la colonización británica de Australia, los forajidos perseguidos por las autoridades que se refugiaban y se escondían en el bush del interior del país. Conseguían desarrollar las habilidades necesarias para sobrevivir en un medio a veces relativamente hostil y se dedicaban, en solitario o en bandas, a robar a los colonos y a los viajeros. La palabra bushranger se extendió posteriormente a todos los bandidos y criminales que habían escogido vivir fuera de la ley y que usaban el bush como base de operaciones. Son el equivalente australiano de los bandoleros españoles, los highwaymen británicos y los outlaws estadounidenses. Se dedicaban, entre otros delitos, a asaltar bancos de pequeños poblados o coches de correos. En algunas etapas de la historia de Australia los bushrangers se convirtieron en personajes legendarios y en héroes valerosos que se atrevían a desafiar a los poderosos y a la policía. Este mito ha perdurado de alguna manera hasta el siglo XXI. (es) Bushranger zelakoa (ingelesez literalki Xaxtraka Ibiltariak), jatorriz Britainiar Inperioaren menpeko Australiako lurraldera ihes egindako preso ohi bidelapurra zen. Herrialde horretako The bush deritzon eremuan bizirauteko adina eskarmentu eta ezagutzak zituen. 1820ko hamarkadan jada, bushranger izendapenak sozialki bastertutako eta eskubiderik gabejo jendea deitzeko erabiltzen zen izendapena bilakatu zen, bizitzan aurrera egiteko bidelapurretan jardun eta The bush eremua bizilekutzat zuena. Beren urrezko aroa 1850eko hamarkada eta 1860ko hamarkadan bizi izan zuten, estatuko , eta John Gilbert bidelapurrak nabarituz. Australiar Mutil Kolonial hauek Erresuma Batuko eta AEBetako Mendebaldeko Urruneko legeskanpokoen nolabaiteko parekideak izan ziren. Australiako beste bidelapur nabarmenak eta izan ziren, dena den, denetan ospetsuena eta mundu mailan ere ezaguna bilakatu dena, irlandar jatorriko Ned Kelly australiar bidelapurra izan da. 1870eko hamarkadatik aurrera garraiobideen hedapena eta telegrafoaren ezartzeak Legeari eta australiar poliziari herrialde zabal eta handi honetan barna bidelapur hauek atzematea erraztu zioenez, bushrangerren gainbehera hasi zen. 1880ko hamarkadan Ned Kellyren urkapenak bushranger aroaren amaieraren mugarria adierazi zuen. Halere, gaur arte australiar herri kultura bizi-bizirik mantendu izan den pertsonaia izan da. (eu) Les Bushrangers, ou bush rangers, étaient des hors-la-loi du début de la colonisation de l'Australie qui utilisaient leurs capacités à survivre dans le bush pour se cacher des autorités. On peut les comparer aux « bandits de grand chemin » britanniques (en anglais highwaymen) ou aux « hors-la-loi » de l'Ouest américain (en anglais Western outlaws). La plupart du temps, leurs crimes consistaient en des attaques de banques de petites villes ou de diligences. Le terme bushranger a évolué pour finalement faire référence aux individus renonçant à la vie en société pour vivre de vol à main armée, en utilisant le bush comme base de leurs opérations. (fr) ブッシュレンジャー(英: Bushrangers)は、オーストラリア前期における盗賊。元は脱走者の囚人で、逮捕から逃れるためにブッシュ(郊外の森林)に潜伏し、サバイバル術を有していた人々だった。1820年頃までに、“ブッシュレンジャー”という単語が“世を捨ててブッシュを拠点に武装略奪を行う者”を表すようになった。これらブッシュレンジャーは、主に囚人の子息で、イギリスの追いはぎ(ハイウェイマン)や、アメリカ合衆国のアウトローに類似していた。彼らの犯罪は、小さな町の銀行や輸送業者を襲撃することだった。有名なブッシュレンジャーは、、ネッド・ケリー(最も著名)などで、大勢の警察官が殺害された。1880年のネッド・ケリーの処刑がブッシュレンジャーの終焉とされる。 (ja) Il termine bushranger, o bush ranger, originariamente definiva i condannati evasi dei primi anni della colonizzazione britannica dell'Australia che avevano le capacità necessarie per poter vivere nel bush australiano per nascondersi dalle autorità. Il termine venne poi in generale usato per riferirsi ai banditi armati che usavano il bush come rifugio. (it) Bushranger var en naturerfaren brottsling som, vanligen i Australien, använde naturens medel för att gömma sig från myndigheterna. (sv) Бушре́йнджер (англ. Bushranger) — название беглых преступников в первые годы колонизации англичанами Австралии, имевших необходимые навыки выживания в буше, где они скрывались от властей. Впоследствии термин «бушрейнджер» в Австралии стал обозначать всех, кто отказался от социальных прав и привилегий и жил вооружённым грабежом, используя буш в качестве своей базы. Объектами грабежей и убийств со стороны бушрейнджеров, действовавших поодиночке или в небольших группах, чаще всего становились путники и дилижансы на дорогах, шахтёры и аборигены, а также банки и государственные учреждения в маленьких городках или просто отдалённые поселения. Первым бушрейнджером можно условно считать Джона Цезаря (более известного как «Чёрный Цезарь»), который сбежал с каторги в австралийский буш в 1789 году. До приблизительно 1850-х годов почти все бушрейнджеры были беглыми каторжниками, впоследствии (до в значительной степени исчезновения бушрейнджеров в 1880-х годах) — свободными поселенцами, сознательно преступившими закон. Наиболее знаменитым бушрейнджером был австралийский преступник Нед Келли. Окончательно бушрейнджеры как массовое явление исчезли в начале XX века. Несмотря на то, что почти все бушрейнджеры (например, и ) были безжалостными бандитами и убийцами и в большинстве своём закончили свою жизнь на виселице, уже в XIX веке они стали неотъемлемой частью австралийского фольклора. Сохранились упоминания о том, что бушрейнджеры и гуманно обращались с пленными, а Дэвис якобы даже делился награбленными деньгами с бедными. Бушрейнджеры стали героями множества австралийских легенд и народных песен, а впоследствии художественных фильмов. (ru) 名词丛林大盗(英文:Bushranger),最早出现于英国在澳大利亚建立殖民地初期,所指的是一群以澳大利亚丛林为掩护,逃避官府追捕的逃犯。到了19世纪20年代,“丛林大盗”一词经过演变,专指那些以丛林为基地,依靠武装抢劫为生的人。现今,《劍橋英語-漢語(繁體)詞典》将其定义为“叢林地帶的罪犯(或土匪)”。 丛林抢劫兴起于维多利亚淘金热时期(19世纪50年代至19世纪60年代)。当时,本·霍尔(Ben Hall)、弗兰克·加德纳(Frank Gardiner)和约翰·吉尔伯特(John Gilbert)等人领导着一些声名狼藉的帮派,活跃于新南威尔士州的乡村地区。这些“野蛮的殖民地男孩(The Wild Colonial Boy)”大多出生在澳大利亚且大多是流放囚犯之后,类似于英国的“拦路强盗”和美國舊西部时期(19世纪50年代至20世纪10年代)的法外之徒,他们常犯包括抢劫小镇银行和打劫长途汽车在内的罪行。他们还在其他臭名昭著的罪案,如(Dan Morgan)、克拉克兄弟(the Clarke brothers)和奈德·凱利(澳大利亚最著名的丛林大盗)所犯的罪案中谋杀了许多警察。由于警力的提升、铁路运输技术及电报等通讯技术的改进,丛林大盗的数量减少了。尽管在20世纪早期丛林大盗时有出现,但大多数历史学家认为凯利在1880年的被捕和处决实际上代表了丛林抢劫时代的终结。 虽然其他地区也出现了几个著名的丛林大盗,但是丛林抢劫主要发生于澳大利亚东部的殖民地,加上其持续近一个世纪的活跃期,丛林抢劫对澳大利亚产生了巨大的影响。囚犯流放体系作为丛林抢劫的根源,孕育出一种独特的,常常带有爱尔兰政治背景的亡命之徒。土生土长的丛林大盗也代表着新生的澳大利亚民族主义观,被认为是“第一个得到公认的、独一无二的澳大利亚特色”。因此,一些丛林大盗摇身一变成了民间英雄,成了反抗当局的象征,因其勇敢、粗犷的骑士精神和丰富多彩的个性而受到钦佩。然而,现实却与艺术和流行文化所刻画的浪漫情节截然不同,与艺术和流行文化中的浪漫刻画形成鲜明对比的是,丛林大盗往往过着“肮脏、野蛮”的生活,一生也是“短暂的”,有些人因残忍和嗜血而臭名昭著。因此,澳大利亚人对丛林大盗的态度仍然是复杂而矛盾的。 (zh)
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rdfs:comment Als Bushranger (oder Bush-ranger) wurden ursprünglich entlaufene Sträflinge in Australien bezeichnet. Später fand der Begriff Anwendung auf Gesetzlose und Räuber, deren Rückzugsgebiet die unwirtliche Buschlandschaft war. John Caesar (1764–1796), wegen seiner afrikanischen Wurzeln „Black Caesar“ genannt, war der erste australische Bushranger. Der bekannteste Bushranger, Ned Kelly (1855–1880), war auch einer der letzten. (de) ブッシュレンジャー(英: Bushrangers)は、オーストラリア前期における盗賊。元は脱走者の囚人で、逮捕から逃れるためにブッシュ(郊外の森林)に潜伏し、サバイバル術を有していた人々だった。1820年頃までに、“ブッシュレンジャー”という単語が“世を捨ててブッシュを拠点に武装略奪を行う者”を表すようになった。これらブッシュレンジャーは、主に囚人の子息で、イギリスの追いはぎ(ハイウェイマン)や、アメリカ合衆国のアウトローに類似していた。彼らの犯罪は、小さな町の銀行や輸送業者を襲撃することだった。有名なブッシュレンジャーは、、ネッド・ケリー(最も著名)などで、大勢の警察官が殺害された。1880年のネッド・ケリーの処刑がブッシュレンジャーの終焉とされる。 (ja) Il termine bushranger, o bush ranger, originariamente definiva i condannati evasi dei primi anni della colonizzazione britannica dell'Australia che avevano le capacità necessarie per poter vivere nel bush australiano per nascondersi dalle autorità. Il termine venne poi in generale usato per riferirsi ai banditi armati che usavano il bush come rifugio. (it) Bushranger var en naturerfaren brottsling som, vanligen i Australien, använde naturens medel för att gömma sig från myndigheterna. (sv) Bushrangers were originally escaped convicts in the early years of the British settlement of Australia who used the bush as a refuge to hide from the authorities. By the 1820s, the term had evolved to refer to those who took up "robbery under arms" as a way of life, using the bush as their base. (en) Bushranger zelakoa (ingelesez literalki Xaxtraka Ibiltariak), jatorriz Britainiar Inperioaren menpeko Australiako lurraldera ihes egindako preso ohi bidelapurra zen. Herrialde horretako The bush deritzon eremuan bizirauteko adina eskarmentu eta ezagutzak zituen. 1820ko hamarkadan jada, bushranger izendapenak sozialki bastertutako eta eskubiderik gabejo jendea deitzeko erabiltzen zen izendapena bilakatu zen, bizitzan aurrera egiteko bidelapurretan jardun eta The bush eremua bizilekutzat zuena. Halere, gaur arte australiar herri kultura bizi-bizirik mantendu izan den pertsonaia izan da. (eu) Les Bushrangers, ou bush rangers, étaient des hors-la-loi du début de la colonisation de l'Australie qui utilisaient leurs capacités à survivre dans le bush pour se cacher des autorités. On peut les comparer aux « bandits de grand chemin » britanniques (en anglais highwaymen) ou aux « hors-la-loi » de l'Ouest américain (en anglais Western outlaws). La plupart du temps, leurs crimes consistaient en des attaques de banques de petites villes ou de diligences. (fr) Los bushrangers (también escrito bush rangers) eran, en los primeros tiempos de la colonización británica de Australia, los forajidos perseguidos por las autoridades que se refugiaban y se escondían en el bush del interior del país. Conseguían desarrollar las habilidades necesarias para sobrevivir en un medio a veces relativamente hostil y se dedicaban, en solitario o en bandas, a robar a los colonos y a los viajeros. La palabra bushranger se extendió posteriormente a todos los bandidos y criminales que habían escogido vivir fuera de la ley y que usaban el bush como base de operaciones. Son el equivalente australiano de los bandoleros españoles, los highwaymen británicos y los outlaws estadounidenses. Se dedicaban, entre otros delitos, a asaltar bancos de pequeños poblados o coches de corr (es) Бушре́йнджер (англ. Bushranger) — название беглых преступников в первые годы колонизации англичанами Австралии, имевших необходимые навыки выживания в буше, где они скрывались от властей. Впоследствии термин «бушрейнджер» в Австралии стал обозначать всех, кто отказался от социальных прав и привилегий и жил вооружённым грабежом, используя буш в качестве своей базы. (ru) 名词丛林大盗(英文:Bushranger),最早出现于英国在澳大利亚建立殖民地初期,所指的是一群以澳大利亚丛林为掩护,逃避官府追捕的逃犯。到了19世纪20年代,“丛林大盗”一词经过演变,专指那些以丛林为基地,依靠武装抢劫为生的人。现今,《劍橋英語-漢語(繁體)詞典》将其定义为“叢林地帶的罪犯(或土匪)”。 丛林抢劫兴起于维多利亚淘金热时期(19世纪50年代至19世纪60年代)。当时,本·霍尔(Ben Hall)、弗兰克·加德纳(Frank Gardiner)和约翰·吉尔伯特(John Gilbert)等人领导着一些声名狼藉的帮派,活跃于新南威尔士州的乡村地区。这些“野蛮的殖民地男孩(The Wild Colonial Boy)”大多出生在澳大利亚且大多是流放囚犯之后,类似于英国的“拦路强盗”和美國舊西部时期(19世纪50年代至20世纪10年代)的法外之徒,他们常犯包括抢劫小镇银行和打劫长途汽车在内的罪行。他们还在其他臭名昭著的罪案,如(Dan Morgan)、克拉克兄弟(the Clarke brothers)和奈德·凱利(澳大利亚最著名的丛林大盗)所犯的罪案中谋杀了许多警察。由于警力的提升、铁路运输技术及电报等通讯技术的改进,丛林大盗的数量减少了。尽管在20世纪早期丛林大盗时有出现,但大多数历史学家认为凯利在1880年的被捕和处决实际上代表了丛林抢劫时代的终结。 (zh)
rdfs:label Bushranger (en) Bushranger (Australien) (de) Bushranger (es) Bushranger (eu) Bushranger (fr) Bushranger (it) ブッシュレンジャー (集団) (ja) Бушрейнджер (ru) Bushranger (sv) 丛林大盗 (zh)
rdfs:seeAlso dbr:Convicts dbr:Australia dbr:Australian_gold_rushes
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