| dbo:abstract |
ممارسة الفصل العنصري في الولايات المتحدة هي ممارسة نقل الطلاب ونقلهم إلى المدارس داخل أو خارج المناطق التعليمية المحلية في محاولة للحد من الفصل العنصري في المدارسفي حين أن قرار المحكمة العليا للولايات المتحدة لعام 1954 الصادر في قضية براون ضد مجلس التعليم أعلن أن الفصل العنصري في المدارس الحكومية غير دستوري، فإن العديد من المدارس الأمريكية استمرت في الفصل إلى حد كبير بسبب عدم المساواة في المساكن. على الرغم من أن المناطق التعليمية توفر النقل بالحافلة بدون رسوم من وإلى المدارس المخصصة للطلاب، إلا أن تلك المدارس كانت في بعض الحالات على بعد أميال كثيرة من منازل الطلاب الأمر الذي سبب مشكلة للطلاب وعائلتهم. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، كانت العديد من الأسر تكره إرسال أطفالهم إلي مدارس بعيده في حي غير مألوف في حين هناك مدرسة متاحة على بعد مسافة قصيرة. (ar) Als Busing-Programm (kurz Busing) wird eine im Jahr 1971 einsetzende bildungspolitische Maßnahme in den USA bezeichnet, die heutzutage zwar nicht mehr in ihrer ursprünglichen, aber in abgewandelter Form noch eingesetzt wird. Ziel des Programms war es, in öffentlichen Schulen Schüler verschiedener sozialer Milieus gemeinsam zu unterrichten und die de facto Rassentrennung in Schulen aufzuheben (Desegregation). Zu diesem Zweck wurden durch tägliche Schulbustransporte Schüler zu Schulen außerhalb ihrer Wohnbezirke gefahren: In der Regel bedeutete dies, dass (mehrheitlich afroamerikanische) Schüler aus den Innenstädten nun Schulen in den (mehrheitlich von Weißen bewohnten) Vorstädten besuchten und umgekehrt Schüler der Vorstädte Schulen in den Innenstädten. (de) Race-integration busing in the United States (also known simply as busing, Integrated busing or by its critics as forced busing) was the practice of assigning and transporting students to schools within or outside their local school districts in an effort to diversify the racial make-up of schools. While the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, many American schools continued to remain largely uni-racial due to housing inequality. In an effort to address the ongoing de facto segregation in schools, the 1971 Supreme Court decision, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, ruled that the federal courts could use busing as a further integration tool to achieve racial balance. Busing met considerable opposition from both white and black people. The policy resulted in the movement of large numbers of white families to suburbs of large cities, a phenomenon known as white flight, which further reduced the effectiveness of the policy. Many whites who stayed moved their children into private or parochial schools; these effects combined to make many urban school districts predominantly nonwhite, reducing any effectiveness mandatory busing may have had. (en) En anglais, on appelle busing [bus-ing] une organisation du transport scolaire visant à promouvoir la mixité sociale ou raciale au sein des établissements scolaires publics en envoyant les enfants dans une école différente de celle de leur quartier. (fr) 差別撤廃に向けたバス通学（さべつてっぱいにむけたバスつうがく、Desegregation busing）は、アメリカ合衆国の公立学校における差別の撤廃に向けた取り組みであり、差別的な学校制度や学区設定を改革する為に、特定の学校に子どもたちを入学させ、その通学のための輸送手段を用意することである。 (ja) Bussning (busing, av engelska bus, "buss", även desegregation busing eller, av kritiker mot verksamheten: forced busing, för att betona metod och syfte) var en reform för desegregering, som nyttjades av vissa skoldistrikt i flera av USA:s delstater, i linje med medborgarrättsrörelsens strävanden, några år efter domstolsutslaget Brown mot skolstyrelsen i maj 1954. Metoden gick ut på att genom en central myndighet, oftast delstats- eller countymyndigheter, transportera barn från förment välbärgade och välutbildade områden till sämre renommerade skolor på större avstånd och tvärtom; detta för att blanda barn från olika socioekonomiska bakgrunder i högre utsträckning inom det offentliga utbildningsväsendet och därmed förhindra att vissa skolor och elever fick större uppmärksamhet och mer resurser, medan de vars föräldrar hade sämre erfarenhet av högre utbildning (och oftare tillhörde minoriteter) ofta fick sämre resurser. Bussning, som även användes i relativt desegregerade nordstater, blev oerhört kontroversiellt även av segregationsmotståndare, då det ansågs låta samvetsfrågor gå ut över barnens intressen och reducerade dessa till brickor i ett spel mellan ideologiska intressegrupper. I Danmark har man begränsat det fria gymnasievalet och infört bussning. Förslaget är en tvångsfördelningsmodell som innebär att över 4000 elever måste byta skola jämfört med tidigare. De kommer bland annat fördelas utifrån föräldrarnas inkomster. (sv) Ба́синг (от англ. busing) — попытка школ в США в 1950—1980-х годах путём принудительной перевозки чёрных детей в школы с большинством белых учеников и наоборот. Закончилась провалом в связи с бегством белых; исследователи расходятся по вопросу о том, было ли само бегство и связанный с ним упадок внутренних районов городов вызвано угрозой басинга. (ru) |
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Integrated how, and with what larger community? (en) |
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Als Busing-Programm (kurz Busing) wird eine im Jahr 1971 einsetzende bildungspolitische Maßnahme in den USA bezeichnet, die heutzutage zwar nicht mehr in ihrer ursprünglichen, aber in abgewandelter Form noch eingesetzt wird. Ziel des Programms war es, in öffentlichen Schulen Schüler verschiedener sozialer Milieus gemeinsam zu unterrichten und die de facto Rassentrennung in Schulen aufzuheben (Desegregation). Zu diesem Zweck wurden durch tägliche Schulbustransporte Schüler zu Schulen außerhalb ihrer Wohnbezirke gefahren: In der Regel bedeutete dies, dass (mehrheitlich afroamerikanische) Schüler aus den Innenstädten nun Schulen in den (mehrheitlich von Weißen bewohnten) Vorstädten besuchten und umgekehrt Schüler der Vorstädte Schulen in den Innenstädten. (de) En anglais, on appelle busing [bus-ing] une organisation du transport scolaire visant à promouvoir la mixité sociale ou raciale au sein des établissements scolaires publics en envoyant les enfants dans une école différente de celle de leur quartier. (fr) 差別撤廃に向けたバス通学（さべつてっぱいにむけたバスつうがく、Desegregation busing）は、アメリカ合衆国の公立学校における差別の撤廃に向けた取り組みであり、差別的な学校制度や学区設定を改革する為に、特定の学校に子どもたちを入学させ、その通学のための輸送手段を用意することである。 (ja) Ба́синг (от англ. busing) — попытка школ в США в 1950—1980-х годах путём принудительной перевозки чёрных детей в школы с большинством белых учеников и наоборот. Закончилась провалом в связи с бегством белых; исследователи расходятся по вопросу о том, было ли само бегство и связанный с ним упадок внутренних районов городов вызвано угрозой басинга. (ru) ممارسة الفصل العنصري في الولايات المتحدة هي ممارسة نقل الطلاب ونقلهم إلى المدارس داخل أو خارج المناطق التعليمية المحلية في محاولة للحد من الفصل العنصري في المدارسفي حين أن قرار المحكمة العليا للولايات المتحدة لعام 1954 الصادر في قضية براون ضد مجلس التعليم أعلن أن الفصل العنصري في المدارس الحكومية غير دستوري، فإن العديد من المدارس الأمريكية استمرت في الفصل إلى حد كبير بسبب عدم المساواة في المساكن. (ar) Race-integration busing in the United States (also known simply as busing, Integrated busing or by its critics as forced busing) was the practice of assigning and transporting students to schools within or outside their local school districts in an effort to diversify the racial make-up of schools. While the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, many American schools continued to remain largely uni-racial due to housing inequality. In an effort to address the ongoing de facto segregation in schools, the 1971 Supreme Court decision, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, ruled that the federal courts could use busing as a further integration tool to achieve racial balance. (en) Bussning (busing, av engelska bus, "buss", även desegregation busing eller, av kritiker mot verksamheten: forced busing, för att betona metod och syfte) var en reform för desegregering, som nyttjades av vissa skoldistrikt i flera av USA:s delstater, i linje med medborgarrättsrörelsens strävanden, några år efter domstolsutslaget Brown mot skolstyrelsen i maj 1954. (sv) |
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قضية إلغاء الفصل العنصري (ar) Busing (de) Desegregation busing (en) Busing (fr) 差別撤廃に向けたバス通学 (ja) Басинг (ru) Bussning av elever (desegregering) (sv) |
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wikipedia-en:Desegregation_busing |
