Castle doctrine (original) (raw)
La doctrine du château , également appelée la loi du château, est une doctrine juridique qui désigne le domicile d'une personne ou tout lieu légalement occupé comme un lieu où le propriétaire ou l'occupant bénéficie du droit d’utiliser la force (jusqu’à la mort) pour se défendre contre un intrus, sans pouvoir encourir des poursuites judiciaires. C'est aux États-Unis que le terme est le plus souvent employé.
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| dbo:abstract | A castle doctrine, also known as a castle law or a defense of habitation law, is a legal doctrine that designates a person's abode or any legally occupied place (for example, a vehicle or home) as a place in which that person has protections and immunities permitting one, in certain circumstances, to use force (up to and including deadly force) to defend oneself against an intruder, free from legal prosecution for the consequences of the force used. The term is most commonly used in the United States, though many other countries invoke comparable principles in their laws. Depending on the location, a person may have a duty to retreat to avoid violence if one can reasonably do so. Castle doctrines lessen the duty to retreat when an individual is assaulted within one's own home. Deadly force may either be justified, the burdens of production and proof for charges impeded, or an affirmative defense against criminal homicide applicable, in cases "when the actor reasonably fears imminent peril of death or serious bodily harm to him or herself or another". The castle doctrine is not a defined law that can be invoked, but a set of principles which may be incorporated in some form in many jurisdictions. Castle doctrines may not provide civil immunity, such as from wrongful death suits, which have a much lower burden of proof. Justifiable homicide in self-defense which happens to occur inside one's home is distinct, as a matter of law, from castle doctrine because the mere occurrence of trespassing—and occasionally a subjective requirement of fear—is sufficient to invoke the castle doctrine. The burden of proof of fact is much less challenging than that of justifying a homicide in self-defense. With justifiable homicide in self-defense, one generally must objectively prove to a trier of fact, against all reasonable doubt, the intent in the intruder's mind to commit violence or a felony. It would be a misconception of law to infer that because a state has a justifiable homicide in self-defense provision pertaining to one's domicile, it has a castle doctrine protecting the estate and exonerating any duty whatsoever to retreat therefrom. The doctrine can be misused as a pretext for extrajudicial punishment in private spaces. The use of this legal principle in the United States has been controversial in relation to a number of cases in which it has been invoked, including the deaths of Japanese exchange student Yoshihiro Hattori and Scottish businessman . (en) La doctrine du château , également appelée la loi du château, est une doctrine juridique qui désigne le domicile d'une personne ou tout lieu légalement occupé comme un lieu où le propriétaire ou l'occupant bénéficie du droit d’utiliser la force (jusqu’à la mort) pour se défendre contre un intrus, sans pouvoir encourir des poursuites judiciaires. C'est aux États-Unis que le terme est le plus souvent employé. (fr) 성의 원칙 또는 캐슬 독트린(영어: Castle Doctrine, Castle Law, Defence of Habitation Law)은 보통법에 근거를 가진 미국의 형법상의 원칙이다. 모든 사람에게는 자신만의 성(castle), 즉 보호구역이 있고 그곳에 침입해 자신을 위협하는 자에게는 무기를 사용해 대응해도 된다는 원칙이다. 침입자에 대한 정당방위로 침입자의 사망이라는 결과가 발생한다 하더라도 별다른 요건을 요하지 않는 점에 특색이 있다. 이를 기초로 한 캘리포니아주의 '스탠드 유어 그라운드' 법(Stand-your-ground law)으로 인해 사망한 사건으로 인종차별 논의가 촉발되었다. (ko) 城の原則（英: Castle Doctrine、 Castle Law、 Defence of Habitation Law）は、コモン・ローに根拠をもつアメリカの刑法上の原則のことである。 住宅や自動車等を城に見立て、侵入者に対して行った防衛行為は、侵入者の死亡という結果に終わっても、の要件を求めないという点において特色がある。 (ja) Doktryna zamku (prawo zamku, prawo obrony mieszkania) – doktryna prawna pochodzenia amerykańskiego, stosowana w Stanach Zjednoczonych oraz niektórych innych państwach. Według niej jeśli do miejsca zamieszkania wtargnie intruz, mieszkaniec ma prawo użyć wobec niego siły w celach obronnych. Dotyczy to obrony siebie, swoich bliskich lub swojej własności. Mieszkaniec ma prawo również zabić intruza, jeśli uzna to za konieczne. (pl) Доктри́на кре́пости (за́мка), или принцип крепости (англ. Castle Doctrine) — принцип права, проистекающий из англосаксонского обычного права. Сформулирована в 1604 года, из которого пошла английская пословица «Дом англичанина — его крепость» (англ. An Englishman’s home is his castle). Чаще всего сейчас доктрина крепости используется в США, где реализована в законодательстве большинства штатов. В некоторых других странах существуют похожие принципы права. Согласно данной доктрине, место жительства (а в ряде штатов — любое занимаемое на законных основаниях место) является неприкосновенным, а проникновение в него без разрешения заведомо преступно. Данный принцип предоставляет жителю (владельцу) законное право атаковать вторгшегося любыми доступными средствами, вплоть до причинения последнему смерти, чтобы защитить себя, свою собственность и других людей от любого нападения или вторжения, которое потенциально может закончиться нападением. Таким образом, в рамках законодательства принцип означает, что причинение смерти лицу, незаконно проникшему в жилище, может быть оправдано судом как допустимая мера необходимой обороны, без необходимости дополнительных обоснований причинения смерти. Доктрина крепости реализована в законодательстве большинства штатов США, хотя и не во всех — в ряде штатов[каких?] действует противоположная доктрина, (которая также действует в соседней Канаде). (ru) 城堡准则（英語：castle doctrine，又譯為堡壘原則），亦称城堡法（castle law）或居所防御法（defense of habitation law）；居住防衛權，一種法律原則，始於羅馬法，存在於英美法中，赋予在特定情况下，被侵犯人可以对于入侵其宅邸（在某些美國州份，也可以是机动车或工作场所等合法占用的空间）的进犯者使用武力（甚至是致命武力）进行防范和对抗的权力，而对于所造成的后果免于法律责任且不被起诉。 在西方文明里，宅邸非暴力性的法律概念始于罗马共和国。城堡准则这个词来源于历史上英国广泛认同的法理“英国人的家是他的城堡”。17世纪法律學者爵士在他1628年的《英国法律学会》中确立了这个英国法律概念： 人的房屋是其城堡，是他最安全的避难所。For a man's house is his castle, et domus sua cuique est tutissimum refugium [and each man's home is his safest refuge]. 这个概念后来传到殖民地，并被称为城堡准则。在英国，该词隐含了一个人拥有绝对的权利阻止任何人进入其家宅，尽管时常会有限制；进入20世纪晚期，法警进入的权限也有增加。 (zh) |
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| dbp:text | And the law of England has so particular and tender a regard to the immunity of a man's house, that it stiles it his castle, and will never suffer it to be violated with immunity: agreeing herein with the sentiments of ancient Rome, as expressed in the works of Tully; quid enim sanctius, quid omni religione munitius, quam domus uniusquisque civium? For this reason no doors can in general be broken open to execute any civil process; though, in criminal causes, the public safety supersedes the private. Hence also in part arises the animadversion of the law upon eaves-droppers, nuisancers, and incendiaries: and to this principle it must be assigned, that a man may assemble people together lawfully without danger of raising a riot, rout, or unlawful assembly, in order to protect and defend his house; which he is not permitted to do in any other case. (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | La doctrine du château , également appelée la loi du château, est une doctrine juridique qui désigne le domicile d'une personne ou tout lieu légalement occupé comme un lieu où le propriétaire ou l'occupant bénéficie du droit d’utiliser la force (jusqu’à la mort) pour se défendre contre un intrus, sans pouvoir encourir des poursuites judiciaires. C'est aux États-Unis que le terme est le plus souvent employé. (fr) 성의 원칙 또는 캐슬 독트린(영어: Castle Doctrine, Castle Law, Defence of Habitation Law)은 보통법에 근거를 가진 미국의 형법상의 원칙이다. 모든 사람에게는 자신만의 성(castle), 즉 보호구역이 있고 그곳에 침입해 자신을 위협하는 자에게는 무기를 사용해 대응해도 된다는 원칙이다. 침입자에 대한 정당방위로 침입자의 사망이라는 결과가 발생한다 하더라도 별다른 요건을 요하지 않는 점에 특색이 있다. 이를 기초로 한 캘리포니아주의 '스탠드 유어 그라운드' 법(Stand-your-ground law)으로 인해 사망한 사건으로 인종차별 논의가 촉발되었다. (ko) 城の原則（英: Castle Doctrine、 Castle Law、 Defence of Habitation Law）は、コモン・ローに根拠をもつアメリカの刑法上の原則のことである。 住宅や自動車等を城に見立て、侵入者に対して行った防衛行為は、侵入者の死亡という結果に終わっても、の要件を求めないという点において特色がある。 (ja) Doktryna zamku (prawo zamku, prawo obrony mieszkania) – doktryna prawna pochodzenia amerykańskiego, stosowana w Stanach Zjednoczonych oraz niektórych innych państwach. Według niej jeśli do miejsca zamieszkania wtargnie intruz, mieszkaniec ma prawo użyć wobec niego siły w celach obronnych. Dotyczy to obrony siebie, swoich bliskich lub swojej własności. Mieszkaniec ma prawo również zabić intruza, jeśli uzna to za konieczne. (pl) 城堡准则（英語：castle doctrine，又譯為堡壘原則），亦称城堡法（castle law）或居所防御法（defense of habitation law）；居住防衛權，一種法律原則，始於羅馬法，存在於英美法中，赋予在特定情况下，被侵犯人可以对于入侵其宅邸（在某些美國州份，也可以是机动车或工作场所等合法占用的空间）的进犯者使用武力（甚至是致命武力）进行防范和对抗的权力，而对于所造成的后果免于法律责任且不被起诉。 在西方文明里，宅邸非暴力性的法律概念始于罗马共和国。城堡准则这个词来源于历史上英国广泛认同的法理“英国人的家是他的城堡”。17世纪法律學者爵士在他1628年的《英国法律学会》中确立了这个英国法律概念： 人的房屋是其城堡，是他最安全的避难所。For a man's house is his castle, et domus sua cuique est tutissimum refugium [and each man's home is his safest refuge]. 这个概念后来传到殖民地，并被称为城堡准则。在英国，该词隐含了一个人拥有绝对的权利阻止任何人进入其家宅，尽管时常会有限制；进入20世纪晚期，法警进入的权限也有增加。 (zh) A castle doctrine, also known as a castle law or a defense of habitation law, is a legal doctrine that designates a person's abode or any legally occupied place (for example, a vehicle or home) as a place in which that person has protections and immunities permitting one, in certain circumstances, to use force (up to and including deadly force) to defend oneself against an intruder, free from legal prosecution for the consequences of the force used. The term is most commonly used in the United States, though many other countries invoke comparable principles in their laws. (en) Доктри́на кре́пости (за́мка), или принцип крепости (англ. Castle Doctrine) — принцип права, проистекающий из англосаксонского обычного права. Сформулирована в 1604 года, из которого пошла английская пословица «Дом англичанина — его крепость» (англ. An Englishman’s home is his castle). Чаще всего сейчас доктрина крепости используется в США, где реализована в законодательстве большинства штатов. В некоторых других странах существуют похожие принципы права. Согласно данной доктрине, место жительства (а в ряде штатов — любое занимаемое на законных основаниях место) является неприкосновенным, а проникновение в него без разрешения заведомо преступно. Данный принцип предоставляет жителю (владельцу) законное право атаковать вторгшегося любыми доступными средствами, вплоть до причинения последнему (ru) |
| rdfs:label | Castle doctrine (en) Doctrine du château (fr) 城の原則 (ja) 성의 원칙 (ko) Doktryna zamku (pl) Доктрина крепости (ru) 城堡准则 (zh) |
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