Lancashire Cotton Famine (original) (raw)

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Als Baumwollhungersnot (von engl. Lancashire cotton famine) wird die Verknappung des weltweiten Baumwollangebots infolge des Sezessionskrieges in den amerikanischen Südstaaten und deren Auswirkungen auf die weltweite, insbesondere auf die britische Textilindustrie in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts bezeichnet. Um eine Hungersnot im eigentlichen Sinne handelte es sich nicht, vielmehr um die Übertragung aus dem englischen famine, das neben „Hungersnot“ auch „Knappheit“ oder „Verknappung“ bedeuten kann.

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dbo:abstract Als Baumwollhungersnot (von engl. Lancashire cotton famine) wird die Verknappung des weltweiten Baumwollangebots infolge des Sezessionskrieges in den amerikanischen Südstaaten und deren Auswirkungen auf die weltweite, insbesondere auf die britische Textilindustrie in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts bezeichnet. Um eine Hungersnot im eigentlichen Sinne handelte es sich nicht, vielmehr um die Übertragung aus dem englischen famine, das neben „Hungersnot“ auch „Knappheit“ oder „Verknappung“ bedeuten kann. (de) The Lancashire Cotton Famine, also known as the Cotton Famine or the Cotton Panic (1861–65), was a depression in the textile industry of North West England, brought about by overproduction in a time of contracting world markets. It coincided with the interruption of baled cotton imports caused by the American Civil War and speculators buying up new stock for storage in the shipping warehouses at the entrepôt. This, as well as causing cotton prices to rise in China, in which trade had been steadily increasing following the Second Opium War and during the ongoing Taiping Rebellion. The increase in cotton prices caused the textile trade to rapidly lose two-thirds of its previous value of exports to China from 1861-1862. The boom years of 1859 and 1860 had produced more woven cotton than could be sold and a cutback in production was needed. The situation was exacerbated by an overabundance of raw cotton held in the warehouses and dockyards of the ports and the market was flooded with finished goods, causing the price to collapse, while at the same time the demand for raw cotton fell. The price for raw cotton increased by several hundred percent due to blockade and lack of imports. The inaccessibility of raw cotton and the difficult trading conditions caused a change in the social circumstances of the Lancashire region's extensive cotton mill workforce. Factory owners no longer bought large quantities of raw cotton to process and large parts of Lancashire and the surrounding areas' workers became unemployed and went from being the most prosperous workers in Britain to the most impoverished. Local relief committees were set up and appealed for money locally and nationally. There were two major funds, the Manchester Central Committee and the Mansion House Committee of the Lord Mayor of London. The poorest applied for relief under the Poor Laws, through the Poor Law Unions. Local relief committees experimented with soup kitchens and direct aid. In 1862, sewing classes and industrial classes were organised by local churches and attendance merited a Poor Law payment. After the Public Works (Manufacturing Districts) Act 1864 was passed, local authorities were empowered to borrow money for approved public works. They commissioned the rebuilding of sewerage systems, cleaning rivers, landscaping parks and surfacing roads. In 1864, cotton imports were restored, the mills were put back into production but some towns had diversified and many thousands of operatives had emigrated. (en) La pénurie de coton du Lancashire (en anglais Lancashire Cotton Famine), aussi connue sous le nom de panique du coton (en anglais Cotton Panic) est une dépression dans l'industrie du textile de l'Angleterre du Nord-Ouest, provoquée par l'interruption de l'importation du coton en balles du fait de la guerre de Sécession (1861 - 1865), au cours de laquelle les cours de la fibre blanche connaitront une multiplication par six. (fr) La carestia del cotone del Lancashire, più nota coi nomi inglesi di Cotton Famine o Cotton Panic (1861–65), fu una depressione che colpì l'industria tessile nel territorio dell'Inghilterra nord-occidentale che portò ad una sovrapproduzione. Coincise con lo stop all'importazione del cotone dalle Americhe a causa della guerra civile americana. Gli anni 1859 e 1860 avevano portato ad una sovrapproduzione di cotone. La situazione di crisi venne esacerbata dalla sovrabbondanza anche di cotone non lavorato nei magazzini e nei porti, fatto che causò inevitabilmente il collasso dei prezzi, con un consequenziale calo della domanda del cotone grezzo. Il prezzo del cotone grezzo incrementò notevolmente per la mancanza di importazioni e la presenza di grandi stock in magazzino. L'inaccessibilità delle fonti classiche per l'approvvigionamento del cotone e la difficoltà delle condizioni di commercio portarono ad un radicale cambiamento nel Lancashire, la regione inglese tradizionalmente più legata alla lavorazione del cotone in Europa. I proprietari delle principali fabbriche dell'area non acquistarono più gran quantità di cotone grezzo e molti lavoranti si ritrovarono senza impiego, impoverendo così una delle regioni più ricche del Regno Unito. Comitati locali vennero organizzati per raccogliere denaro, come pure lo si fece a livello nazionale per venire incontro a coloro che avevano perso il lavoro, nella speranza che il mercato recuperasse velocemente. Col Public Works (Manufacturing Districts) Act 1864, lo stato riutilizzò i lavoratori a livello locale per la pulizia dei fiumi e dei corsi d'acqua, come pure per la pulizia di parchi e strade. Nel 1864, lentamente ma progressivamente, ripresero le importazioni di cotone ed le fabbriche ripresero il loro lavoro, ma ormai diverse migliaia di ex lavoratori nelle fabbriche erano emigrati verso altri centri di produzione. (it) 兰开夏棉荒（又称：棉花危机，英語：Lancashire Cotton Famine），这是1861年-1865年间发生在英格兰西北部纺织工业中心兰开夏郡发生的纺织业大萧条。这是由于生产过剩导致了世界市场的疲软，期间又恰好与美国南北战争的爆发，投机商借机在储运过程中囤积新货而导致原棉供应中断这一特殊历史事件交错在一起而发生的经济危机。 1859年和1860年的繁荣时期，生产的机织棉供大于求，造成需要减产。港口的仓库和船坞中积压大量原棉使情况进一步恶化，而市场大量充斥着棉纺成品，导致零售价格暴跌，由此引发对原棉的需求下降。而与此同时，美国内战造成的封锁使原棉进口受阻，原棉价格反而由此上涨了几个百分点。原料供应困难和销售疲软导致兰开夏郡广大的棉纺厂的状况发生了变化。工厂主不愿意再大量购买原棉进行加工，兰开夏郡的大部分地区和周围地区的棉纺行业的工人大量失业，兰开夏郡一个棉花镇中的三分之一家庭接受社会救济，他们从英国最富裕的工人变成了最贫穷的工人。 (zh)
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rdfs:comment Als Baumwollhungersnot (von engl. Lancashire cotton famine) wird die Verknappung des weltweiten Baumwollangebots infolge des Sezessionskrieges in den amerikanischen Südstaaten und deren Auswirkungen auf die weltweite, insbesondere auf die britische Textilindustrie in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts bezeichnet. Um eine Hungersnot im eigentlichen Sinne handelte es sich nicht, vielmehr um die Übertragung aus dem englischen famine, das neben „Hungersnot“ auch „Knappheit“ oder „Verknappung“ bedeuten kann. (de) La pénurie de coton du Lancashire (en anglais Lancashire Cotton Famine), aussi connue sous le nom de panique du coton (en anglais Cotton Panic) est une dépression dans l'industrie du textile de l'Angleterre du Nord-Ouest, provoquée par l'interruption de l'importation du coton en balles du fait de la guerre de Sécession (1861 - 1865), au cours de laquelle les cours de la fibre blanche connaitront une multiplication par six. (fr) 兰开夏棉荒（又称：棉花危机，英語：Lancashire Cotton Famine），这是1861年-1865年间发生在英格兰西北部纺织工业中心兰开夏郡发生的纺织业大萧条。这是由于生产过剩导致了世界市场的疲软，期间又恰好与美国南北战争的爆发，投机商借机在储运过程中囤积新货而导致原棉供应中断这一特殊历史事件交错在一起而发生的经济危机。 1859年和1860年的繁荣时期，生产的机织棉供大于求，造成需要减产。港口的仓库和船坞中积压大量原棉使情况进一步恶化，而市场大量充斥着棉纺成品，导致零售价格暴跌，由此引发对原棉的需求下降。而与此同时，美国内战造成的封锁使原棉进口受阻，原棉价格反而由此上涨了几个百分点。原料供应困难和销售疲软导致兰开夏郡广大的棉纺厂的状况发生了变化。工厂主不愿意再大量购买原棉进行加工，兰开夏郡的大部分地区和周围地区的棉纺行业的工人大量失业，兰开夏郡一个棉花镇中的三分之一家庭接受社会救济，他们从英国最富裕的工人变成了最贫穷的工人。 (zh) The Lancashire Cotton Famine, also known as the Cotton Famine or the Cotton Panic (1861–65), was a depression in the textile industry of North West England, brought about by overproduction in a time of contracting world markets. It coincided with the interruption of baled cotton imports caused by the American Civil War and speculators buying up new stock for storage in the shipping warehouses at the entrepôt. This, as well as causing cotton prices to rise in China, in which trade had been steadily increasing following the Second Opium War and during the ongoing Taiping Rebellion. The increase in cotton prices caused the textile trade to rapidly lose two-thirds of its previous value of exports to China from 1861-1862. (en) La carestia del cotone del Lancashire, più nota coi nomi inglesi di Cotton Famine o Cotton Panic (1861–65), fu una depressione che colpì l'industria tessile nel territorio dell'Inghilterra nord-occidentale che portò ad una sovrapproduzione. Coincise con lo stop all'importazione del cotone dalle Americhe a causa della guerra civile americana. (it)
rdfs:label Baumwollhungersnot (de) Pénurie de coton du Lancashire (fr) Cotton famine (it) Lancashire Cotton Famine (en) 兰开夏棉荒 (zh)
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