Crispus Attucks (original) (raw)
Crispus Attucks (* ca. 1723 in Britisch-Nordamerika; † 5. März 1770 in Boston, Massachusetts) war ein Hafenarbeiter mit Wurzeln in Afrika und bei den Wampanoag. Er war die erste Person, die während des Massakers von Boston durch die britischen Truppen erschossen wurde und wird daher auch als erster Märtyrer der Amerikanischen Revolution bezeichnet.
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| dbo:abstract | كريسبوس أتوكس (بالإنجليزية: Crispus Attucks) هو عامل سفن أمريكي من أصل أفريقي، ويعود نسبه إلى الأمريكيين الأصليين، ولد في عام 1723 وتوفي في 5 مارس عام 1770، ويُعتبر كثيرًا بأنه أول شخص يُقتل في مذبحة بوسطن وأول أمريكي يُقتل في الثورة الأمريكية. اختلف المؤرخون في آرائهم حول كريسبوس فيما إذا كان رجلًا حرًا أو عبدًا هاربًا، لكن معظمهم اتفقوا على أن أصله يعود إلى شعب الوامبانواغ (من قبائل الهنود الأصليين) وإلى أفريقيا. لم يذكر اثنان من المصادر المهمة التي شهدت مذبحة بوسطن التي حدثت في عام 1770 كيف كان شكل كريسبوس، هل هو رجل أسود أو زنجي؟ ولكن يبدو أن أهالي بوسطن يعتبروه من أصول عرقية مختلطة. ووفقًا لحساب حديث في صحيفة بنسيلفانيا جازيت الأمريكية، كان كريسبوس أتوكس رجلًا مُوَلّدًا، (رجل أسمر ضارب إلى الصفرة إذ كان الإنسان يُصنف قديمًا في أوروبا بين أبيض وهندي وأسود، وما اختلط بينهما: مولاتو أو المولدين) ولد في بلدة فرامينغهام الأمريكية، ولكنه انتمى حديثًا إلى جزيرة بروفيدانس الجديدة، وكان هنا من أجل الذهاب إلى ولاية كارولينا الشمالية. أصبح أتوكس رمزًا للحركة المناهضة للعبودية في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر. وأثنى عليه مؤيدو حركة التحرير من العبودية لقيامه بدور بطولي في تاريخ الولايات المتحدة. (ar) Crispus Attucks (* ca. 1723 in Britisch-Nordamerika; † 5. März 1770 in Boston, Massachusetts) war ein Hafenarbeiter mit Wurzeln in Afrika und bei den Wampanoag. Er war die erste Person, die während des Massakers von Boston durch die britischen Truppen erschossen wurde und wird daher auch als erster Märtyrer der Amerikanischen Revolution bezeichnet. (de) Crispus Attucks (c.1723 – March 5, 1770) was an American whaler, sailor, and stevedore of African and Native American descent, commonly regarded as the first person killed in the Boston Massacre and thus the first American killed in the American Revolution. While he is widely remembered as the first American casualty of the Revolutionary War, eleven-year-old Christopher Seider had been shot a few weeks earlier by the British. Historians disagree on whether Attucks was a free man or an escaped slave, but most agree that he was of Native American (specifically Wampanoag) and African descent. Two major sources of eyewitness testimony about the Boston Massacre published in 1770 did not refer to him as "black" nor as a "Negro"; it appears that Bostonians viewed him as being of mixed ethnicity. According to a contemporaneous account in the Pennsylvania Gazette, he was a "Mulattoe man, named Crispus Attucks, who was born in Framingham, but lately belonged to New Providence, and was here in order to go for North Carolina." Attucks became an icon of the anti-slavery movement in the mid-19th century. Supporters of the abolition movement lauded him for playing a heroic role in the history of the United States. (en) Crispus Attucks (1723 - 5 de marzo de 1770, Boston, Massachusetts) fue un mártir y patriota estadounidense asesinado durante la Masacre de Boston. A menudo es llamado el primer mártir de la Revolución Americana. Se desconocen detalles referentes a los primeros años de su vida, pero probablemente fue un esclavo fugitivo de procedencia africana y pudo haber trabajado en la caza de ballenas. Hasta la fecha, es el único de las cinco víctimas de la masacre que aún es recordado. En 1888 se inauguró el Monumento Crispus Attucks en el parque público Boston Common de Boston. (es) Crispus Attucks, né à Framingham aux alentours de 1723 et mort à Boston le 5 mars 1770, est un esclave américain. Il s'enfuit et exerce les métiers de marin et de docker. Il meurt durant le massacre de Boston, devenant l'un des cinq premiers martyrs de la Révolution américaine. (fr) 크리스퍼스 애턱스(Crispus Attucks, 1723년 ? ~ 1770년 3월 5일)는 보스턴 학살 사건에서 관중들을 이끈 미국의 흑인 순교자이다. (ko) Crispus Attucks (Framingham, 1723 circa – Boston, 5 marzo 1770) è stato un patriota statunitense. Fu il primo di cinque persone uccise nel massacro di Boston nel Massachusetts e l'unica vittima il cui nome viene comunemente ricordato. Per questo è considerato il primo martire della guerra d'indipendenza americana e un'importante e suggestiva figura della storia degli Stati Uniti. Poco si sa con certezza di Crispus Attucks oltre alla sua morte nel conflitto. Le due fonti principali di testimonianze oculari del massacro, entrambe pubblicate nel 1770, non fanno riferimento ad Attucks come a un "negro" o "nero". La prima è un rapporto commissionato dalla città di Boston, "A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre" ("Un breve racconto dell'orribile massacro"), che conteneva oltre un centinaio di testimonianze di persone del posto su quello che avevano visto il 5 marzo 1770 (e un referto autoptico sull'esame del corpo di Crispus Attucks del dottor Benjamin Church).La seconda fonte, "Il processo di William Wemms" ("The Trial of William Wemms") fa riferimento a Attucks più di una dozzina di volte come a un "mulatto" o "molatto" e una come a un "nativo americano", un'altra come un "uomo alto" e un'altra ancora come a un uomo "robusto". Mentre alcuni attivisti antischiavisti del XIX secolo in seguito posero l'accento sull'origine africana di Attucks, i bostoniani nel 1770 lo consideravano di razza mista.È stato solo all'inizio del XIX secolo, quando il movimento abolizionista prese slancio a Boston, che Attucks è stato lodato come esempio di afroamericano che ha avuto un ruolo eroico nella storia degli Stati Uniti, foggiando così la storia della sua identità. Poiché Crispus Attucks aveva antenati Wampanoag, la sua storia ha anche un significato speciale per molti nativi americani. (it) Crispus Attucks, född 1723?, död 5 mars 1770 i Boston var i den första gruppen av fem personer som dödades i Bostonmassakern i Boston, Massachusetts. Attucks anses allmänt vara det första amerikanska offret i det amerikanska frihetskriget Bortsett från när och hur han dog, är inte mycket säkert känt om Attucks. Han kan ha varit en förrymd slav eller en fri man som arbetade till sjöss eller i hamnen. De flesta är överens om att han var och av afrikanskt ursprung. Attucks far kan ha varit Prince Yonger, en afrikansk-född slav och hans mor kan ha varit Nanny Peterattucks, tillhörande USA:s ursprungsbefolkning. Attucks blev en ikon inom antislaveri-rörelsen i mitten av 1800-talet. På 1850-talet, i takt med att rörelsen mot slaveri växte i Boston, hyllades Attucks som en afroamerikansk hjälte. Martin Luther King skriver om Crispus Attucks i inledningen till Why We Can’t Wait (1964) som ett exempel på en man vars bidrag till historien förbisetts av den vita historieskrivningen. I Marvels tv-serie Luke Cage beskrivs Crispus Attucks som en amerikansk hjälte. (sv) Crispus Attucks (Framingham, c. 1723 — Boston, 5 de março de 1770) foi um estivador estadunidense de ascendência africana e indígena, amplamente considerado como a primeira pessoa morta no Massacre de Boston e, portanto, o primeiro americano morto na Revolução Americana. Os historiadores discordam sobre se ele era um homem livre ou um escravo fugitivo, mas a maioria concorda que ele era descendente de natick e africano. Duas fontes principais de testemunhos oculares sobre o Massacre de Boston, publicadas em 1770, não se referiam a ele como "negro"; parece que os bostonianos o viam como sendo de etnia mista. De acordo com um relato contemporâneo na , ele era um "homem mulato, chamado Crispus Attucks, que nasceu em Framingham, mas recentemente pertencia a New-Providence e estava lá para ir para a Carolina do Norte". Attucks se tornou um ícone do movimento anti-escravidão em meados do século XIX. Apoiadores do movimento abolicionista o elogiaram por ter desempenhado um papel heroico na história dos Estados Unidos. (pt) Криспус Аттокс (англ. Crispus Attucks; ок. 1723, Фреймингем (Массачусетс) - 5 марта 1770, Бостон) – американский чернокожий моряк, китобой и докер, которого обычно считают первым человеком, убитым в Бостонской резне, первым патриотом-мучеником, убитым во время Американской революции. Заметная фигура в афроамериканской истории. Историки расходятся во мнениях относительно того, был ли он свободным человеком или беглым рабом, но большинство согласны с тем, что он был коренным американцем африканско-индейского происхождения. Бостонцы считали его представителем смешанной национальности. Согласно сообщению того времени в Pennsylvania Gazette , он был «мулатом по имени Криспус Аттакс, который родился во Фрамингеме, недолго жил в Нью-Провиденсе, перед тем, как отправиться в Северную Каролину». Аттакс стал иконой аболиционистского движения в середине 19 века. Сторонники движения за отмену смертной казни хвалили его за героическую роль в истории Соединенных Штатов. (ru) |
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| rdfs:comment | Crispus Attucks (* ca. 1723 in Britisch-Nordamerika; † 5. März 1770 in Boston, Massachusetts) war ein Hafenarbeiter mit Wurzeln in Afrika und bei den Wampanoag. Er war die erste Person, die während des Massakers von Boston durch die britischen Truppen erschossen wurde und wird daher auch als erster Märtyrer der Amerikanischen Revolution bezeichnet. (de) Crispus Attucks (1723 - 5 de marzo de 1770, Boston, Massachusetts) fue un mártir y patriota estadounidense asesinado durante la Masacre de Boston. A menudo es llamado el primer mártir de la Revolución Americana. Se desconocen detalles referentes a los primeros años de su vida, pero probablemente fue un esclavo fugitivo de procedencia africana y pudo haber trabajado en la caza de ballenas. Hasta la fecha, es el único de las cinco víctimas de la masacre que aún es recordado. En 1888 se inauguró el Monumento Crispus Attucks en el parque público Boston Common de Boston. (es) Crispus Attucks, né à Framingham aux alentours de 1723 et mort à Boston le 5 mars 1770, est un esclave américain. Il s'enfuit et exerce les métiers de marin et de docker. Il meurt durant le massacre de Boston, devenant l'un des cinq premiers martyrs de la Révolution américaine. (fr) 크리스퍼스 애턱스(Crispus Attucks, 1723년 ? ~ 1770년 3월 5일)는 보스턴 학살 사건에서 관중들을 이끈 미국의 흑인 순교자이다. (ko) كريسبوس أتوكس (بالإنجليزية: Crispus Attucks) هو عامل سفن أمريكي من أصل أفريقي، ويعود نسبه إلى الأمريكيين الأصليين، ولد في عام 1723 وتوفي في 5 مارس عام 1770، ويُعتبر كثيرًا بأنه أول شخص يُقتل في مذبحة بوسطن وأول أمريكي يُقتل في الثورة الأمريكية. اختلف المؤرخون في آرائهم حول كريسبوس فيما إذا كان رجلًا حرًا أو عبدًا هاربًا، لكن معظمهم اتفقوا على أن أصله يعود إلى شعب الوامبانواغ (من قبائل الهنود الأصليين) وإلى أفريقيا. لم يذكر اثنان من المصادر المهمة التي شهدت مذبحة بوسطن التي حدثت في عام 1770 كيف كان شكل كريسبوس، هل هو رجل أسود أو زنجي؟ ولكن يبدو أن أهالي بوسطن يعتبروه من أصول عرقية مختلطة. ووفقًا لحساب حديث في صحيفة بنسيلفانيا جازيت الأمريكية، كان كريسبوس أتوكس رجلًا مُوَلّدًا، (رجل أسمر ضارب إلى الصفرة إذ كان الإنسان يُصنف قديمًا في أوروبا بين أبيض وهندي وأسود، وما اختلط بينهما: مولاتو أو (ar) Crispus Attucks (c.1723 – March 5, 1770) was an American whaler, sailor, and stevedore of African and Native American descent, commonly regarded as the first person killed in the Boston Massacre and thus the first American killed in the American Revolution. While he is widely remembered as the first American casualty of the Revolutionary War, eleven-year-old Christopher Seider had been shot a few weeks earlier by the British. Historians disagree on whether Attucks was a free man or an escaped slave, but most agree that he was of Native American (specifically Wampanoag) and African descent. Two major sources of eyewitness testimony about the Boston Massacre published in 1770 did not refer to him as "black" nor as a "Negro"; it appears that Bostonians viewed him as being of mixed ethnicity. (en) Crispus Attucks (Framingham, 1723 circa – Boston, 5 marzo 1770) è stato un patriota statunitense. Fu il primo di cinque persone uccise nel massacro di Boston nel Massachusetts e l'unica vittima il cui nome viene comunemente ricordato. Per questo è considerato il primo martire della guerra d'indipendenza americana e un'importante e suggestiva figura della storia degli Stati Uniti. Poco si sa con certezza di Crispus Attucks oltre alla sua morte nel conflitto. (it) Криспус Аттокс (англ. Crispus Attucks; ок. 1723, Фреймингем (Массачусетс) - 5 марта 1770, Бостон) – американский чернокожий моряк, китобой и докер, которого обычно считают первым человеком, убитым в Бостонской резне, первым патриотом-мучеником, убитым во время Американской революции. Заметная фигура в афроамериканской истории. Аттакс стал иконой аболиционистского движения в середине 19 века. Сторонники движения за отмену смертной казни хвалили его за героическую роль в истории Соединенных Штатов. (ru) Crispus Attucks (Framingham, c. 1723 — Boston, 5 de março de 1770) foi um estivador estadunidense de ascendência africana e indígena, amplamente considerado como a primeira pessoa morta no Massacre de Boston e, portanto, o primeiro americano morto na Revolução Americana. Os historiadores discordam sobre se ele era um homem livre ou um escravo fugitivo, mas a maioria concorda que ele era descendente de natick e africano. Duas fontes principais de testemunhos oculares sobre o Massacre de Boston, publicadas em 1770, não se referiam a ele como "negro"; parece que os bostonianos o viam como sendo de etnia mista. De acordo com um relato contemporâneo na , ele era um "homem mulato, chamado Crispus Attucks, que nasceu em Framingham, mas recentemente pertencia a New-Providence e estava lá para ir p (pt) Crispus Attucks, född 1723?, död 5 mars 1770 i Boston var i den första gruppen av fem personer som dödades i Bostonmassakern i Boston, Massachusetts. Attucks anses allmänt vara det första amerikanska offret i det amerikanska frihetskriget Attucks blev en ikon inom antislaveri-rörelsen i mitten av 1800-talet. På 1850-talet, i takt med att rörelsen mot slaveri växte i Boston, hyllades Attucks som en afroamerikansk hjälte. I Marvels tv-serie Luke Cage beskrivs Crispus Attucks som en amerikansk hjälte. (sv) |
| rdfs:label | Crispus Attucks (en) كريسبوس أتوكس (ar) Crispus Attucks (de) Crispus Attucks (es) Crispus Attucks (it) Crispus Attucks (fr) 크리스퍼스 애턱스 (ko) Crispus Attucks (pt) Аттокс, Криспус (ru) Crispus Attucks (sv) |
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