Economics of fascism (original) (raw)
يختلف المؤرخون والأكاديميون الآخرون حول ما إذا كان يمكن القول بأن هناك نوعٌ فاشيٌ من السياسة الاقتصادية. يجادل بيكر بوجود نظامٍ اقتصاديٍ محدد في الفاشية يختلف عن ذلك الذي تدعو إليه الأيديولوجيات الأخرى، والذي يشمل الخصائص الأساسية التي تشترك فيها الدول الفاشية. يجادل باين وباكستون وستيرنهيل وآخرون بأنه في حين أن الاقتصادات الفاشية تشترك وتتشابه في بعض الأوجه، إلا أنه لا يوجد شكل مميز للتنظيم الاقتصادي الفاشي. يجادل جيرالد فيلدمان وتيموثي ماسون بأن الفاشية تتميز بعدم وجود أيديولوجية اقتصادية متماسكة وبغياب التفكير الاقتصادي الجاد. يذكرون أن القرارات التي اتخذها الزعماء الفاشيون لا يمكن تفسيرها ضمن إطار اقتصادي منطقي.
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| dbo:abstract | يختلف المؤرخون والأكاديميون الآخرون حول ما إذا كان يمكن القول بأن هناك نوعٌ فاشيٌ من السياسة الاقتصادية. يجادل بيكر بوجود نظامٍ اقتصاديٍ محدد في الفاشية يختلف عن ذلك الذي تدعو إليه الأيديولوجيات الأخرى، والذي يشمل الخصائص الأساسية التي تشترك فيها الدول الفاشية. يجادل باين وباكستون وستيرنهيل وآخرون بأنه في حين أن الاقتصادات الفاشية تشترك وتتشابه في بعض الأوجه، إلا أنه لا يوجد شكل مميز للتنظيم الاقتصادي الفاشي. يجادل جيرالد فيلدمان وتيموثي ماسون بأن الفاشية تتميز بعدم وجود أيديولوجية اقتصادية متماسكة وبغياب التفكير الاقتصادي الجاد. يذكرون أن القرارات التي اتخذها الزعماء الفاشيون لا يمكن تفسيرها ضمن إطار اقتصادي منطقي. (ar) Historians and other scholars disagree on the question of whether a specifically fascist type of economic policy can be said to exist. David Baker argues that there is an identifiable economic system in fascism that is distinct from those advocated by other ideologies, comprising essential characteristics that fascist nations shared. Payne, Paxton, Sternhell et al. argue that while fascist economies share some similarities, there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization. Gerald Feldman and Timothy Mason argue that fascism is distinguished by an absence of coherent economic ideology and an absence of serious economic thinking. They state that the decisions taken by fascist leaders cannot be explained within a logical economic framework. Fascist movements tended to not have any fixed economic principles other than a general desire that the economy should help build a strong nation. As such, scholars argue that fascists had no economic ideology, but they did follow popular opinion, the interests of their donors and the necessities of World War II. In general, fascist governments exercised control over private property but they did not nationalize it. Scholars also noted that big business developed an increasingly close partnership with the Italian Fascist and German fascist governments. Business leaders supported the government's political and military goals. In exchange, the government pursued economic policies that maximized the profits of its business allies. Fascism had a complex relationship with capitalism, both supporting and opposing different aspects of it at different times and in different countries. In general, fascists held an instrumental view of capitalism, regarding it as a tool that may be useful or not, depending on circumstances. Fascists aimed to promote what they considered the national interests of their countries; they supported the right to own private property and the profit motive because they believed that they were beneficial to the economic development of a nation, but they commonly sought to eliminate the autonomy of large-scale capitalism from the state. However, while other Western capitalist countries strove for increased state ownership of industry during the same period, Nazi Germany transferred public ownership into the private sector and handed over some public services to private organizations, mostly affiliated with the Nazi Party. According to historian Richard Overy, the Nazi war economy was a mixed economy that combined free markets with central planning and described the economy as being somewhere in between the command economy of the Soviet Union and the capitalist system of the United States. Others have described Nazi Germany as being corporatist, authoritarian capitalist, or totalitarian capitalist. Fascist Italy has been described as corporatist. (en) No hay un consenso sobre si existe una política económica fascista. Historiadores han debatido el uso del término. argumenta que existe un sistema económico identificable en el fascismo que es distinto de los defendidos por otras ideologías, que comprende características esenciales que compartían las naciones fascistas. Payne, Paxton, Sternhell y col. argumentan que si bien las economías fascistas comparten algunas similitudes, no existe una forma distintiva de organización económica fascista.Gerald Feldman y Timothy Mason sostienen que el fascismo se distingue por la ausencia de una ideología económica coherente y la ausencia de un pensamiento económico serio. Afirman que las decisiones tomadas por los líderes fascistas no se pueden explicar dentro de un marco económico lógico. Los movimientos fascistas tendían a no tener ningún principio económico fijo más que el deseo general de que la economía ayudara a construir una nación fuerte. Como tal, los académicos argumentan que los fascistas no tenían una ideología económica, pero sí seguían la opinión popular, los intereses de sus donantes y las necesidades de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. En general, los gobiernos fascistas ejercieron control sobre la propiedad privada, pero no la nacionalizaron. Los académicos también señalaron que las grandes empresas desarrollaron una asociación cada vez más estrecha con los gobiernos fascista italiano y fascista alemán. Los líderes empresariales apoyaron los objetivos políticos y militares del gobierno. A cambio, el gobierno siguió políticas económicas que maximizaban las ganancias de sus aliados comerciales. Mientras que otros países capitalistas occidentales lucharon por una mayor propiedad estatal de la industria durante el mismo período, la Alemania nazi transfirió la propiedad pública y los servicios públicos al sector privado. Los regímenes fascistas han sido descritos como capitalistas autoritarios o totalitarios. (es) Ekonomi fasisme adalah jenis ekonomi dengan kebijakan ekonomi yang diterapkan oleh pemerintah yang menganut fasisme. (in) L'économie des régimes fascistes fait référence aux politiques économiques instaurées par les régimes fascistes et concerne les évolutions économiques des pays dominés par ces régimes. (fr) La politica economica fascista si riferisce alle ideologie e politiche economiche di movimenti e regimi, comunemente identificati come fascisti, che si affermarono in Europa, e in particolare in Italia e Germania, nel periodo tra le due guerre mondiali. Dopo la prima guerra mondiale si diffusero in Europa forti tensioni sociali e politiche. Il fascismo italiano e il nazionalsocialismo tedesco, reagendo alle tensioni dell'epoca, non ebbero una politica economica coerente e simile, ma condivisero aspetti di fondo. Essi mettevano al centro degli obiettivi politici la grandezza nazionale, per cui lo sviluppo economico era un mezzo e non un fine in sé stesso. Intendevano perseguire, nel caso dell'Italia, una rapida modernizzazione economica; nel caso della Germania rapidi risanamento economico e riarmo. Professavano un nuovo ordine sociale, basato sul dirigismo economico statale, per limitare l'autonomia del capitalismo e stabilire nuove relazioni sociali di reciprocità nei sistemi produttivi. I due movimenti furono ispirati dalle riflessioni teoriche di piccoli gruppi di intellettuali, ma quando assunsero il potere, le idee e gli esponenti più radicali vennero rapidamente marginalizzati. La politica economica fu condotta in maniera pragmatica per perseguire gli obiettivi politici di crescita, occupazione, relativa auto-sufficienza, riarmo e conquista. Le teorie economiche furono soprattutto un espediente retorico per cercare il consenso nel pubblico. La crescita economica sia nel caso dell'Italia, sia soprattutto nel caso della Germania, fu alimentata dall'espansionismo politico, economico e poi militare. (it) A economia do fascismo se refere às políticas econômicas implementadas pelos governos fascistas. Historiadores e outros estudiosos discordam sobre a questão de saber se um tipo específico de política econômica fascista pode ser considerado existente. Baker argumenta que existe um sistema econômico identificável no fascismo que é distinto daqueles defendidos por outras ideologias, compreendendo características essenciais compartilhadas por nações fascistas. Payne, Paxton, Sternhell. Argumentam que enquanto as economias fascistas compartilham algumas semelhanças, não existe uma forma distinta de organização econômica fascista. Feldman e Mason argumentam que o fascismo se distingue pela ausência de uma ideologia econômica coerente e pela ausência de um pensamento econômico sério. Eles afirmam que as decisões tomadas pelos líderes fascistas não podem ser explicadas dentro de um quadro econômico lógico. (pt) Экономическая политика фашизма — специфическая практика организации экономики фашистских государств. Изучается в рамках истории государства и права, экономических учений и народного хозяйства в связи с теоретическими концепциями, которые разрабатывались в политической экономии, и экономическими доктринами, которые проводились в жизнь в экономической политике соответствующих стран. (ru) |
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| rdfs:comment | يختلف المؤرخون والأكاديميون الآخرون حول ما إذا كان يمكن القول بأن هناك نوعٌ فاشيٌ من السياسة الاقتصادية. يجادل بيكر بوجود نظامٍ اقتصاديٍ محدد في الفاشية يختلف عن ذلك الذي تدعو إليه الأيديولوجيات الأخرى، والذي يشمل الخصائص الأساسية التي تشترك فيها الدول الفاشية. يجادل باين وباكستون وستيرنهيل وآخرون بأنه في حين أن الاقتصادات الفاشية تشترك وتتشابه في بعض الأوجه، إلا أنه لا يوجد شكل مميز للتنظيم الاقتصادي الفاشي. يجادل جيرالد فيلدمان وتيموثي ماسون بأن الفاشية تتميز بعدم وجود أيديولوجية اقتصادية متماسكة وبغياب التفكير الاقتصادي الجاد. يذكرون أن القرارات التي اتخذها الزعماء الفاشيون لا يمكن تفسيرها ضمن إطار اقتصادي منطقي. (ar) Ekonomi fasisme adalah jenis ekonomi dengan kebijakan ekonomi yang diterapkan oleh pemerintah yang menganut fasisme. (in) L'économie des régimes fascistes fait référence aux politiques économiques instaurées par les régimes fascistes et concerne les évolutions économiques des pays dominés par ces régimes. (fr) Экономическая политика фашизма — специфическая практика организации экономики фашистских государств. Изучается в рамках истории государства и права, экономических учений и народного хозяйства в связи с теоретическими концепциями, которые разрабатывались в политической экономии, и экономическими доктринами, которые проводились в жизнь в экономической политике соответствующих стран. (ru) Historians and other scholars disagree on the question of whether a specifically fascist type of economic policy can be said to exist. David Baker argues that there is an identifiable economic system in fascism that is distinct from those advocated by other ideologies, comprising essential characteristics that fascist nations shared. Payne, Paxton, Sternhell et al. argue that while fascist economies share some similarities, there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization. Gerald Feldman and Timothy Mason argue that fascism is distinguished by an absence of coherent economic ideology and an absence of serious economic thinking. They state that the decisions taken by fascist leaders cannot be explained within a logical economic framework. (en) No hay un consenso sobre si existe una política económica fascista. Historiadores han debatido el uso del término. argumenta que existe un sistema económico identificable en el fascismo que es distinto de los defendidos por otras ideologías, que comprende características esenciales que compartían las naciones fascistas. Payne, Paxton, Sternhell y col. argumentan que si bien las economías fascistas comparten algunas similitudes, no existe una forma distintiva de organización económica fascista.Gerald Feldman y Timothy Mason sostienen que el fascismo se distingue por la ausencia de una ideología económica coherente y la ausencia de un pensamiento económico serio. Afirman que las decisiones tomadas por los líderes fascistas no se pueden explicar dentro de un marco económico lógico. (es) La politica economica fascista si riferisce alle ideologie e politiche economiche di movimenti e regimi, comunemente identificati come fascisti, che si affermarono in Europa, e in particolare in Italia e Germania, nel periodo tra le due guerre mondiali. Dopo la prima guerra mondiale si diffusero in Europa forti tensioni sociali e politiche. Il fascismo italiano e il nazionalsocialismo tedesco, reagendo alle tensioni dell'epoca, non ebbero una politica economica coerente e simile, ma condivisero aspetti di fondo. Essi mettevano al centro degli obiettivi politici la grandezza nazionale, per cui lo sviluppo economico era un mezzo e non un fine in sé stesso. Intendevano perseguire, nel caso dell'Italia, una rapida modernizzazione economica; nel caso della Germania rapidi risanamento economico (it) A economia do fascismo se refere às políticas econômicas implementadas pelos governos fascistas. Historiadores e outros estudiosos discordam sobre a questão de saber se um tipo específico de política econômica fascista pode ser considerado existente. Baker argumenta que existe um sistema econômico identificável no fascismo que é distinto daqueles defendidos por outras ideologias, compreendendo características essenciais compartilhadas por nações fascistas. Payne, Paxton, Sternhell. Argumentam que enquanto as economias fascistas compartilham algumas semelhanças, não existe uma forma distinta de organização econômica fascista. Feldman e Mason argumentam que o fascismo se distingue pela ausência de uma ideologia econômica coerente e pela ausência de um pensamento econômico sério. Eles afirmam (pt) |
| rdfs:label | Economics of fascism (en) اقتصاد فاشي (ar) Economía fascista (es) Économie des régimes fascistes (fr) Ekonomi fasisme (in) Politica economica fascista (it) Economia do fascismo (pt) Экономическая политика фашизма (ru) |
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