Electric power industry (original) (raw)
- صناعة الطاقة الكهربائية، هي عملية تتضمن توليد الكهرباء ونقلها و توزيعها وبيعها من القدرة الكهربائية إلى عامة الناس. بدأت صناعة الكهرباء بإدخال حوالي عام 1882. خلال العقدين 1880 و1890، أدى النمو الاقتصادي والمخاوف الأمنية إلى تنظيم هذه الصناعة. كانت التكلفة سابقاً تقتصر على المناطق ذات الكثافة السكانية المرتفعة، لكن الطاقة الكهربائية أصبحت أكثر موثوقية واقتصادية وشرطاً للعمليات الحياتية المتقدمة في منتصف القرن العشرين، كانت الطاقة الكهربائية احتكارية، وقد كانت صناعة فعالة إن نظمت من قبل عدد معين من التنظيمات. في بعض المناطق، وفّرت الشركات المتكاملة رأسياً جميع المراحل بدءاً من الإنتاج حتى البيع بالتجزئة، حيث اقتصر الإشراف الحكومي على تنظيم معدلات العوائد وهيكلة التكاليف.منذ عقد 1990، فتحت العديد من المناطق التنافسية في سوق الكهرباء. ومع ذلك يمكن لهذه الأسواق التلاعب بشكلٍ مسيئ ما يترتب عليه تأثير سلبي على الأسعار وموثوقية المستهلكين، بشكل عام، التنافسية في قطاع الطاقة الكهربائية أدّت إلى تحسينا هامة أيضاً. إن عمليات النقل والتوزيع هي المشكلات الكبرى بما أن العائد على الاستثمار منها لا يبان بسهولة. أكبر شركات قطاع الطاقة الكهربائية في العالم والتي تتكفل بكافة مراحل الصناعة من الإنتاج حتى المبيعات: (ar)
- Als Elektrizitätswirtschaft, auch Elektrizitäts(versorgungs)- oder Strom(versorgungs)wirtschaft, -branche oder -sektor, wird der Wirtschaftszweig bezeichnet, der die Elektrizitätsversorgung (NACE-Sektor 351), also die Versorgung von Verbrauchern mit elektrischer Energie (umgangssprachlich „Elektrizität“ oder „Strom“) zum Inhalt hat. Der Sektor beinhaltet alle Stufen der Elektrizitätsversorgung von der Erzeugung und Einspeisung über den Handel, Transport und Verteilung bis zum Endverbraucher. Grenzbereiche zu benachbarten Sektoren sind Dienstleistungen im Zusammenhang mit der Elektrizitätsversorgung und die Herstellung von Maschinen, Geräten und Anlagen, die der Elektrizitätsversorgung dienen. Zur Branche gehören insbesondere die Betreiber von Kraftwerken aller Art, Stromhandelsunternehmen, Übertragungs- und Verteilungsnetzbetreiber, sowie als zahlenmäßig größte Gruppe die lokalen, regionalen und überregional integrierten Elektrizitätsversorgungsunternehmen. Da die Elektrizitätsversorgung als Teil der Grundversorgung in vielen Staaten der öffentlichen Kontrolle und besonderen Auflagen unterliegt, wird zumindest die Verteilung an den Endverbraucher vielfach von Unternehmen übernommen, die sich ganz oder teilweise in öffentlichem Besitz befinden (Stadtwerke o. ä.). Der Endverbraucher darf frei den Stromanbieter wechseln. Die Elektrizitätswirtschaft, die dem Sekundärsektor (Industrie) zugerechnet wird, ist horizontal eng verzahnt mit den anderen Teilsektoren der Ver- und Entsorgungswirtschaft, insbesondere der ebenfalls netzgebundenen Versorgung mit Ferngas, Fernwärme und Wasser. Auf der anderen Seite besteht vertikal häufig eine Verflechtung mit dem Bergbau, der für die Gewinnung von Energierohstoffen (fossile Brennstoffe, Uran) zuständig ist. (de)
- The electric power industry covers the generation, transmission, distribution and sale of electric power to the general public and industry. The commodity sold is actually energy, not power, e.g. consumers pay for kilowatt-hours, power multiplied by time, which is energy. The commercial distribution of electricity started in 1882 when electricity was produced for electric lighting. In the 1880s and 1890s, growing economic and safety concerns lead to the regulation of the industry. What was once an expensive novelty limited to the most densely populated areas, reliable and economical electric power has become an essential aspect for normal operation of all elements of developed economies. By the middle of the 20th century, electricity was seen as a "natural monopoly", only efficient if a restricted number of organizations participated in the market; in some areas, vertically-integrated companies provide all stages from generation to retail, and only governmental supervision regulated the rate of return and cost structure. Since the 1990s, many regions have broken up the generation and distribution of electric power. While such markets can be abusively manipulated with consequent adverse price and reliability impact to consumers, generally competitive production of electrical energy leads to worthwhile improvements in efficiency. However, transmission and distribution are harder problems since returns on investment are not as easy to find. (en)
- La industria de la energía eléctrica proporciona la producción y distribución de energía eléctrica, a menudo conocida como potencia eléctrica, en cantidades suficientes para las áreas que necesitan la electricidad a través de una red. Muchos hogares y empresas necesitan tener acceso a la electricidad, especialmente en los países desarrollados. La demanda de electricidad se deriva de la necesidad de esta para el funcionamiento de los aparatos domésticos, equipos. (es)
- 電気事業(でんきじぎょう)とは、 電気を生産し(発電)、搬送し(送電)、販売・供給する事業(産業)のこと。「電力産業」ともいう。小売電気事業、一般送配電事業、送電事業、配電事業、特定送配電事業、発電事業、特定卸供給事業をいう(電気事業法)。 (ja)
- 전력산업(electric utility)은 전기에너지를 생산·판매하는 영업행위의 통일체라고 정의할 수 있는데, '전기사업법'에서는 '일반전기사업 및 발전사업'이라고 정의하고 있다. 동법에서 일반전기사업이라 함은 '전기를 발전하거나 타인이 발전한 전기를 구입하여 일반의 수요에 응하여 전기를 공급하는 사업'으로, 발전사업이라 함은 '발전한 전기를 일반전기사업자에게 공급함을 주된 목적으로 하는 사업'으로 각각 규정하고 있다. (ko)
- O setor de energia elétrica envolve a geração, transmissão, distribuição e comercialização de energia elétrica ao público em geral e à indústria. A distribuição comercial de energia elétrica começou em 1882, quando a eletricidade foi produzida para iluminação elétrica. Nas décadas de 1880 e 1890, as crescentes preocupações econômicas e de segurança levaram à regulamentação do setor. O que antes era uma novidade cara e limitada às áreas mais densamente povoadas, a energia elétrica confiável e econômica tornou-se um aspecto essencial para o funcionamento normal de todos os elementos das economias desenvolvidas. A energia elétrica é transmitida em linhas aéreas como essas e também em cabos subterrâneos de alta tensão. Em meados do século 20, a eletricidade era vista como um monopólio natural, apenas eficiente se um número restrito de organizações participasse do mercado; em algumas áreas, as empresas verticalmente integradas fornecem todos os estágios, da geração ao varejo, e apenas a supervisão governamental regulou a taxa de retorno e a estrutura de custos. Desde a década de 1990, muitas regiões interromperam a geração e distribuição de energia elétrica para fornecer um mercado de eletricidade mais competitivo. Embora esses mercados possam ser manipulados de forma abusiva, com consequente impacto adverso no preço e na confiabilidade para os consumidores, a produção competitiva de energia elétrica geralmente leva a melhorias valiosas na eficiência. No entanto, a transmissão e a distribuição são problemas mais difíceis, pois os retornos sobre o investimento não são tão fáceis de serem obtidos. (pt)
- 电力行业是指包括發電、輸電、配電以及企業向公众和工业界销售電力等在內與電力有關的領域。电力的商业化开始于1882年,当时生产出來的电主要用于电灯。在19世纪80年代和90年代,日益增长的经济和安全问题导致了執法部門開始对電力行业進行监管。曾经電力是仅限于人口最密集地区的昂贵的新事物,現今電力已成為社會運轉中不可或缺的元素。20世纪中叶,电力行業被少數幾個企業“自然垄断”,一些地區的電力從发电到零售的所有阶段都被某些企業壟斷。自1990年代以来,许多地区电力的生产和銷售等階段不再被某些企業壟斷。 (zh)
- https://cms.irena.org/publications/2019/Feb/Innovation-landscape-for-a-renewable-powered-future
- https://www.ferc.gov/industries-data/electric/industry-activities/open-access-transmission-tariff-oatt-reform/history-oatt-reform/order-no-888
- https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/RM99-2A.pdf
- https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/rm95-9-00k.txt
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- La industria de la energía eléctrica proporciona la producción y distribución de energía eléctrica, a menudo conocida como potencia eléctrica, en cantidades suficientes para las áreas que necesitan la electricidad a través de una red. Muchos hogares y empresas necesitan tener acceso a la electricidad, especialmente en los países desarrollados. La demanda de electricidad se deriva de la necesidad de esta para el funcionamiento de los aparatos domésticos, equipos. (es)
- 電気事業(でんきじぎょう)とは、 電気を生産し(発電)、搬送し(送電)、販売・供給する事業(産業)のこと。「電力産業」ともいう。小売電気事業、一般送配電事業、送電事業、配電事業、特定送配電事業、発電事業、特定卸供給事業をいう(電気事業法)。 (ja)
- 전력산업(electric utility)은 전기에너지를 생산·판매하는 영업행위의 통일체라고 정의할 수 있는데, '전기사업법'에서는 '일반전기사업 및 발전사업'이라고 정의하고 있다. 동법에서 일반전기사업이라 함은 '전기를 발전하거나 타인이 발전한 전기를 구입하여 일반의 수요에 응하여 전기를 공급하는 사업'으로, 발전사업이라 함은 '발전한 전기를 일반전기사업자에게 공급함을 주된 목적으로 하는 사업'으로 각각 규정하고 있다. (ko)
- 电力行业是指包括發電、輸電、配電以及企業向公众和工业界销售電力等在內與電力有關的領域。电力的商业化开始于1882年,当时生产出來的电主要用于电灯。在19世纪80年代和90年代,日益增长的经济和安全问题导致了執法部門開始对電力行业進行监管。曾经電力是仅限于人口最密集地区的昂贵的新事物,現今電力已成為社會運轉中不可或缺的元素。20世纪中叶,电力行業被少數幾個企業“自然垄断”,一些地區的電力從发电到零售的所有阶段都被某些企業壟斷。自1990年代以来,许多地区电力的生产和銷售等階段不再被某些企業壟斷。 (zh)
- صناعة الطاقة الكهربائية، هي عملية تتضمن توليد الكهرباء ونقلها و توزيعها وبيعها من القدرة الكهربائية إلى عامة الناس. بدأت صناعة الكهرباء بإدخال حوالي عام 1882. خلال العقدين 1880 و1890، أدى النمو الاقتصادي والمخاوف الأمنية إلى تنظيم هذه الصناعة. كانت التكلفة سابقاً تقتصر على المناطق ذات الكثافة السكانية المرتفعة، لكن الطاقة الكهربائية أصبحت أكثر موثوقية واقتصادية وشرطاً للعمليات الحياتية المتقدمة أكبر شركات قطاع الطاقة الكهربائية في العالم والتي تتكفل بكافة مراحل الصناعة من الإنتاج حتى المبيعات: (ar)
- Als Elektrizitätswirtschaft, auch Elektrizitäts(versorgungs)- oder Strom(versorgungs)wirtschaft, -branche oder -sektor, wird der Wirtschaftszweig bezeichnet, der die Elektrizitätsversorgung (NACE-Sektor 351), also die Versorgung von Verbrauchern mit elektrischer Energie (umgangssprachlich „Elektrizität“ oder „Strom“) zum Inhalt hat. (de)
- The electric power industry covers the generation, transmission, distribution and sale of electric power to the general public and industry. The commodity sold is actually energy, not power, e.g. consumers pay for kilowatt-hours, power multiplied by time, which is energy. The commercial distribution of electricity started in 1882 when electricity was produced for electric lighting. In the 1880s and 1890s, growing economic and safety concerns lead to the regulation of the industry. What was once an expensive novelty limited to the most densely populated areas, reliable and economical electric power has become an essential aspect for normal operation of all elements of developed economies. (en)
- O setor de energia elétrica envolve a geração, transmissão, distribuição e comercialização de energia elétrica ao público em geral e à indústria. A distribuição comercial de energia elétrica começou em 1882, quando a eletricidade foi produzida para iluminação elétrica. Nas décadas de 1880 e 1890, as crescentes preocupações econômicas e de segurança levaram à regulamentação do setor. O que antes era uma novidade cara e limitada às áreas mais densamente povoadas, a energia elétrica confiável e econômica tornou-se um aspecto essencial para o funcionamento normal de todos os elementos das economias desenvolvidas. A energia elétrica é transmitida em linhas aéreas como essas e também em cabos subterrâneos de alta tensão. (pt)
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