Inclosure Acts (original) (raw)

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The Inclosure Acts, which use an archaic spelling of the word now usually spelt "enclosure", cover enclosure of open fields and common land in England and Wales, creating legal property rights to land previously held in common. Between 1604 and 1914, over 5,200 individual enclosure acts were passed, affecting 28,000 km2.

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dbo:abstract The Inclosure Acts, which use an archaic spelling of the word now usually spelt "enclosure", cover enclosure of open fields and common land in England and Wales, creating legal property rights to land previously held in common. Between 1604 and 1914, over 5,200 individual enclosure acts were passed, affecting 28,000 km2. (en) Les Inclosure Acts, qui utilisent une orthographe archaïque du mot maintenant généralement orthographié en anglais : enclosure (enclos en français), sont des lois anglaises et britanniques qui couvrent l'enclosure des openfields et des biens communaux, en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles, créant des droits de propriété légaux sur les terres précédemment détenues en commun (mouvement des enclosures). Entre 1604 et 1914, plus de 5 200 Inclosure Acts individuels ont été adoptés, affectant 6,8 millions d'acres (2 800 000 ha ou 28 000 km2). (fr) Le mouvement des enclosures comprend les changements qui, dès le XIIe siècle et surtout de la fin du XVIe siècle au XVIIe siècle, ont transformé, dans certaines régions de l'Angleterre, une agriculture traditionnelle dans le cadre d'un système de coopération et de communauté d'administration de terres qui appartenaient à un seigneur local (openfield, généralement des champs de superficie importante, sans limitation physique). Cela a abouti à limiter l'usage de ces terres seigneuriales à quelques personnes choisies par le propriétaire : chaque champ étant désormais séparé du champ voisin par une barrière, voire une haie comme dans un bocage. Les enclosures, décidées par une série de lois du Parlement, les Inclosure Acts, marquent la fin des droits d'usage, en particulier des communaux, dont un bon nombre de paysans dépendaient. Karl Marx considère que ce bouleversement économique et juridique est un point de départ du capitalisme. (fr) As leis de cercamento se referem ao cerco de campos abertos e terras comuns, a partir do século XVII, na Inglaterra e no País de Gales, criando direitos de propriedade sobre a terra anteriormente de uso comum. Entre 1604 e 1914, mais de 5.200 leis individuais de cercamento foram aprovados, totalizando 28 000 km2 A política de cercamento de terras foi fruto do contexto econômico inglês do século XVIII. As terras comuns aos senhores e servos, provenientes da antiga relação feudo-vassálica, transformaram-se em pastos para as ovelhas, pois a lã era, juntamente com o carvão e o ferro, um dos pilares da economia do país, durante a Primeira Revolução Industrial. Com a permissão do governo, os camponeses sem terra foram compelidos a deixar o campo e migrar, em massa, para as cidades, em busca de trabalho. Assim se garantia a oferta de mão-de-obra abundante e barata para a indústria. Outros emigravam para as colônias inglesas na América, em busca de trabalho. Nas cidades inglesas, os antigos servos transformaram–se em uma nova classe, o proletariado, enquanto as antigas terras comuns passavam às mãos de grandes criadores ovinos e produtores de algodão, que abasteceriam a indústria. Assim a expansão da política de cercamentos, com a ocupação das terras comunais e quebra dos contratos de arrendamento, estimulou também o fortalecimento de um capitalismo agrário na Inglaterra. (pt)
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rdfs:comment The Inclosure Acts, which use an archaic spelling of the word now usually spelt "enclosure", cover enclosure of open fields and common land in England and Wales, creating legal property rights to land previously held in common. Between 1604 and 1914, over 5,200 individual enclosure acts were passed, affecting 28,000 km2. (en) Les Inclosure Acts, qui utilisent une orthographe archaïque du mot maintenant généralement orthographié en anglais : enclosure (enclos en français), sont des lois anglaises et britanniques qui couvrent l'enclosure des openfields et des biens communaux, en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles, créant des droits de propriété légaux sur les terres précédemment détenues en commun (mouvement des enclosures). Entre 1604 et 1914, plus de 5 200 Inclosure Acts individuels ont été adoptés, affectant 6,8 millions d'acres (2 800 000 ha ou 28 000 km2). (fr) Le mouvement des enclosures comprend les changements qui, dès le XIIe siècle et surtout de la fin du XVIe siècle au XVIIe siècle, ont transformé, dans certaines régions de l'Angleterre, une agriculture traditionnelle dans le cadre d'un système de coopération et de communauté d'administration de terres qui appartenaient à un seigneur local (openfield, généralement des champs de superficie importante, sans limitation physique). Karl Marx considère que ce bouleversement économique et juridique est un point de départ du capitalisme. (fr) As leis de cercamento se referem ao cerco de campos abertos e terras comuns, a partir do século XVII, na Inglaterra e no País de Gales, criando direitos de propriedade sobre a terra anteriormente de uso comum. Entre 1604 e 1914, mais de 5.200 leis individuais de cercamento foram aprovados, totalizando 28 000 km2 (pt)
rdfs:label Mouvement des enclosures (fr) Inclosure Acts (en) Inclosure Acts (fr) Leis de Cercamento (pt)
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