Harmoko (original) (raw)
- Harmoko (7 February 1939 – 4 July 2021), colloquially referred to as Bung Harmoko, was an Indonesian politician and journalist who was active during the New Order era. He served as the Speaker of the People's Representative Council from 1997 until 1999, and was a factor in president Suharto's resignation during the widespread student demonstrations which occurred at the end of the New Order. Born from humble origins in East Java, on 7 February 1939, Harmoko graduated from journalistic school, and became a journalist. He was active during the Guided Democracy and New Order regimes, working in a number of different newspapers, including Merdeka, Merdiko, and Harian Mimbar Kita. In 1970, he founded his own newspaper, the Pos Kota (City Post). In 1970, he was elected as the General Chairperson of the Indonesian Journalists Association (PWI) branch in Jakarta, and two years later, he was elected as the General Chairperson of the entire PWI. In 1977, Harmoko was elected a member of the People's Representative Council, as a member of the ruling Golkar organization. In 1983, he was appointed Minister of Information, likely due to his background in journalism. His skill at maintaining the New Order's image and Suharto's appearance led to him being dubbed the 'influencer-in-chief'. In 1993, Harmoko was elected as the Chairman of Golkar, becoming the first civilian to hold the post. In June 1997, he was appointed state minister for special affairs, a post he held for only three months as in October 1997, he was chosen to serve as the Speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly and People's Representative Council. Despite years of loyalty to President Suharto, following widespread student demonstrations calling for a change of government, Harmoko caused great surprise at a press conference by asking the president to step down within five days. Likely due to the fact that he may have been upset by his dismissal as information minister, his dismissal as a possible vice presidential candidate, and his house being burned down by protesters. Suharto saw Harmoko's request as a betrayal, while Tadjus Sobirin, the former chairman of Golkar's Jakarta branch called Harmoko "Brutus" during a leadership meeting of the party, a reference to Roman senator Marcus Junius Brutus, who assassinated his great-uncle Julius Caesar. Harmoko died on 4 July 2021 at the Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital due to COVID-19, and was buried the following day at Kalibata Heroes Cemetery. (en)
- H. Harmoko (7 Februari 1939 – 4 Juli 2021) adalah seorang politikus dan jurnalis Indonesia yang aktif pada masa Orde Baru. Ia menjabat sebagai Ketua Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat dari tahun 1997 sampai 1999, dan merupakan faktor mundurnya presiden Soeharto selama demonstrasi mahasiswa yang meluas yang terjadi pada akhir Orde Baru. Lahir dari keluarga sederhana di Jawa Timur, pada 7 Februari 1939, Harmoko lulus dari sekolah jurnalistik, dan menjadi jurnalis. Ia aktif selama rezim Demokrasi Terpimpin dan Orde Baru, bekerja di sejumlah surat kabar yang berbeda, termasuk Merdeka, Merdiko, dan Harian Mimbar Kita. Pada tahun 1970, ia mendirikan surat kabarnya sendiri, Poskota. Pada tahun 1970, ia terpilih sebagai Ketua Umum Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia (PWI) cabang Jakarta, dan dua tahun kemudian, ia terpilih sebagai Ketua Umum PWI Pusat. Dalam pemilihan umum 1977, Harmoko terpilih sebagai anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, sebagai anggota organisasi Golongan Karya (Golkar) yang berkuasa. Pada tahun 1983, ia diangkat Menteri Penerangan, kemungkinan karena latar belakangnya di jurnalisme. Kepiawaiannya dalam menjaga citra Orde Baru dan penampilan Suharto membuatnya dijuluki 'influencer-in-chief'. Pada tahun 1993, Harmoko terpilih sebagai Ketua Golkar, menjadi tokoh sipil pertama yang memegang jabatan tersebut. Pada Juni 1997, ia diangkat menjadi menteri negara untuk urusan khusus, jabatan yang dijabatnya hanya tiga bulan karena pada Oktober 1997, ia dipilih untuk menjabat sebagai Ketua Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat. Terlepas dari kesetiaan bertahun-tahun kepada Presiden Soeharto, setelah demonstrasi mahasiswa yang meluas menyerukan perubahan pemerintahan, Harmoko membuat kejutan besar pada konferensi pers dengan meminta presiden untuk mundur dalam waktu lima hari. Kemungkinan karena fakta bahwa dia mungkin kesal dengan pemecatannya sebagai menteri penerangan, pemecatannya sebagai calon wakil presiden, dan rumahnya dibakar oleh pengunjuk rasa. Soeharto melihat permintaan Harmoko sebagai pengkhianatan, sementara Tadjus Sobirin, mantan Ketua Umum Golkar Jakarta menyebut Harmoko "Brutus" saat rapat pimpinan partai, merujuk kepada senator Romawi Marcus Junius Brutus, yang membunuh paman buyutnya Julius Caesar. Harmoko meninggal pada tanggal 4 Juli 2021 di Rumah Sakit Pusat Angkatan Darat Gatot Soebroto karena COVID-19, dan dimakamkan keesokan harinya di Taman Makam Pahlawan Kalibata. (in)
- Хармоко (индон. Harmoko) (7 февраля 1939 — 4 июля 2021) — индонезийский политический деятель. В 1993-1998 годах — председатель блока «Голкар». Занимал пост министра информации во время президентства Сухарто с 1983 по 1997 год. С 1997 по 1999 год был председателем Народного консультативного конгресса и Совета народных представителей. (ru)
- 哈尔莫科(1939年2月7日-2021年7月4日)生于东爪哇省,是印度尼西亚政治家,印度尼西亚共和国新秩序政府时期的新闻部长,以及哈比比时期的人民协商会议主席。他曾担任主席,后来成为苏哈托政府新闻部长。 (zh)
- http://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/13931/
- https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/factum/article/view/15600/8736
- http://repositori.dpr.go.id/210/1/PROFIL%20KETUA%20DPR%20SEJAK%20TAHUN%201945%20-%20AGUSTUS%201999.pdf
- https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/12/the-abuse-verbal-culture.html
- http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/10917/1/sejarah%20pemikiran%20indonesia%20iii%201967-1998.pdf
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- Хармоко (индон. Harmoko) (7 февраля 1939 — 4 июля 2021) — индонезийский политический деятель. В 1993-1998 годах — председатель блока «Голкар». Занимал пост министра информации во время президентства Сухарто с 1983 по 1997 год. С 1997 по 1999 год был председателем Народного консультативного конгресса и Совета народных представителей. (ru)
- 哈尔莫科(1939年2月7日-2021年7月4日)生于东爪哇省,是印度尼西亚政治家,印度尼西亚共和国新秩序政府时期的新闻部长,以及哈比比时期的人民协商会议主席。他曾担任主席,后来成为苏哈托政府新闻部长。 (zh)
- Harmoko (7 February 1939 – 4 July 2021), colloquially referred to as Bung Harmoko, was an Indonesian politician and journalist who was active during the New Order era. He served as the Speaker of the People's Representative Council from 1997 until 1999, and was a factor in president Suharto's resignation during the widespread student demonstrations which occurred at the end of the New Order. (en)
- H. Harmoko (7 Februari 1939 – 4 Juli 2021) adalah seorang politikus dan jurnalis Indonesia yang aktif pada masa Orde Baru. Ia menjabat sebagai Ketua Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat dari tahun 1997 sampai 1999, dan merupakan faktor mundurnya presiden Soeharto selama demonstrasi mahasiswa yang meluas yang terjadi pada akhir Orde Baru. (in)
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