Healthcare in Canada (original) (raw)
- تُقدم الرعاية الصحية في كندا عبر أنظمة الرعاية الصحية الإقليمية الممولة من القطاع العام، والتي تسمى عاميًا «الرعاية الطبية» بالاعتماد على أحكام قانون الصحة الكندي لعام 1984، وهو قانون عالمي. يعتبر الكنديون أن الحصول على الخدمات الصحية الممولة من القطاع العام أمر بديهي، يضمن تأمين الرعاية الصحية الوطنية حصول جميع المواطنين على الرعاية الصحية أينما كانوا في أنحاء البلاد. ومع ذلك، يُدفع نحو 30% من الرعاية الصحية للكنديين للقطاع الخاص. يذهب هذا في الغالب نحو الخدمات غير المغطاة أو المغطاة جزئيًا من قبل الرعاية الطبية، مثل وصفات الأدوية وعلاج الأسنان وتصحيح البصر. يمتلك ما يقرب من 65-75% من الكنديون شكلًا من أشكال التأمين الصحي التكميلي المتعلقة بالأسباب المذكورة أعلاه، يتلقى الكثيرون ذلك من خلال أرباب العمل أو عن طريق استخدام برامج الخدمات الاجتماعية الثانوية المتعلقة بالتغطية الموسعة للعائلات التي تتلقى مساعدة اجتماعية أو التركيبة السكانية الضعيفة، مثل كبار السن والقاصرين وذوي الإعاقات. تشهد كندا بشكل عام بالإضافة للعديد من البلدان المتقدمة الأخرى زيادة في التكاليف بسبب التحول الديموغرافي للسكان نحو الكبر، مع عدد أكبر من المتقاعدين وعدد أقل من الأشخاص في سن العمل. كان متوسط العمر في كندا في عام 2006 39.5 عامًا، ثم وفي غضون اثني عشر عامًا ارتفع إلى 42.4 عامًا، مع متوسط عمر متوقع 81.1 عامًا. وجد تقرير صادر عام 2016 عن كبير مسؤولي الصحة العامة في كندا أن 88% من الكنديين، وهي واحدة من أعلى النسب بين سكان مجموعة السبع، أشاروا إلى أنهم «يتمتعون بصحة جيدة أو جيدة للغاية». يمتلك 80% من البالغين الكنديين الذين يقدمون تقاريرًا ذاتية عامل خطر رئيسي واحد على الأقل للأمراض المزمنة: التدخين أو الخمول البدني أو عادات الطعام غير الصحية أو الإفراط في تعاطي الكحول. تمتلك كندا واحدة من أعلى معدلات السمنة لدى البالغين بين دول منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والتنمية (أو-إي-سي-دي) وحوالي 2.7 مليون حالة من مرض السكري (من النوعين 1 و2 مجتمعين). تسبب أربعة أمراض مزمنة: السرطان (السبب الرئيسي للوفاة) وأمراض القلب والأوعية الدموية وأمراض الجهاز التنفسي ومرض السكري 65% من أسباب الوفيات في كندا. أفاد المعهد الكندي للمعلومات الصحية في عام 2017 أن الإنفاق على الرعاية الصحية بلغ 242 مليار دولار، أو 11.5% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي لكندا في ذلك العام. يصنف نصيب الفرد من الإنفاق في كندا بين أعلى أنظمة الرعاية الصحية في منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والتنمية. كانت كندا منذ أوائل عام 2000 (قريبة من، أو أعلى من المتوسط بقليل) في معظم المؤشرات الصحية لمنظمة التعاون والتنمية في الميدان الاقتصادي. احتلت كندا في عام 2017 مكانًا أعلى من المتوسط في مؤشرات منظمة التعاون والتنمية في الميدان الاقتصادي بما يتعلق بأوقات الانتظار والحصول على الرعاية، مع درجات متوسطة في جودة الرعاية واستخدام الموارد. (ar)
- Healthcare in Canada is delivered through the provincial and territorial systems of publicly funded health care, informally called Medicare. It is guided by the provisions of the Canada Health Act of 1984, and is universal. The 2002 Royal Commission, known as the Romanow Report, revealed that Canadians consider universal access to publicly funded health services as a "fundamental value that ensures national health care insurance for everyone wherever they live in the country." Canadian Medicare provides coverage for approximately 70 percent of Canadians' healthcare needs, and the remaining 30 percent is paid for through the private sector. The 30 percent typically relates to services not covered or only partially covered by Medicare, such as prescription drugs, eye care, and dentistry. Approximately 65 to 75 percent of Canadians have some form of supplementary health insurance related to the aforementioned reasons; many receive it through their employers or use secondary social service programs related to extended coverage for families receiving social assistance or vulnerable demographics, such as seniors, minors, and those with disabilities. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), by 2019, Canada's aging population represents an increase in healthcare costs of approximately one percent a year, which is a modest increase. In a 2020 Statistics Canada Canadian Perspectives Survey Series (CPSS), 69 percent of Canadians self-reported that they had excellent or very good physical health—an improvement from 60 percent in 2018. In 2019, 80 percent of Canadian adults self-reported having at least one major risk factor for chronic disease; smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating or excessive alcohol use. Canada has one of the highest rates of adult obesity among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries attributing to approximately 2.7 million cases of diabetes (types 1 and 2 combined). Four chronic diseases—cancer (leading cause of death), cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and diabetes account for 65 percent of deaths in Canada. In 2021, the Canadian Institute for Health Information reported that healthcare spending reached $308 billion, or 12.7 percent of Canada's GDP for that year. Canada's per-capita spending on health expenditures ranked 4th among health-care systems in the OECD. Canada has performed close to, or above the average on the majority of OECD health indicators since the early 2000s. Although Canada consistently ranks above the average on OECD indicators for wait-times and access to care, with average scores for quality of care and use of resources. The Commonwealth Funds 2021 report comparing the healthcare systems of the 11 most developed countries ranked Canada second-to-last. Identified weaknesses of Canada's system were comparatively higher infant mortality rate, the prevalence of chronic conditions, long wait times, poor availability of after-hours care, and a lack of prescription drugs and dental coverage. (en)
- カナダの医療(カナダのいりょう、英: Health care in Canada)ではユニバーサルヘルスケアが実現されており、1984年Canada Health Act法によって定められカナダ保健省(Health Canada)が所管している。 医療制度は一般税収を原資とした公費負担医療であるが、政府が直接に医療サービスを提供することはなく、それは民間から提供される。政府は連邦レベルでの医療の品質基準を定めるのみであり、政府は市民の個人健康情報を保持はせず、患者と医師における機密情報としての扱いとなる。 (ja)
- A assistência médica no Canadá é fornecida através de um sistema de saúde financiado com fundos públicos, cujos serviços, que são em sua maior parte fornecidos pelo governo local para o público canadense, são fornecidos também por instituições privadas. As fundações da assistência médica no país são guiados pelo . A regulação da assistência médica no Canadá é responsabilidade de cada província e território, cada uma regulando suas próprias regras. Cada província e território fornece um sistema de assistência médica pública, popularmente chamada de Medicare. O governo federal, através do Canada Health Act e emendas, exigem um padrão mínimo de qualidade e assistência que as províncias e territórios seguem. Cada sistema de saúde regional são custo eficientes por causa de sua simplicidade administrativa. Em cada província e território, doutores manejam o seguro (isto é, custos do serviços fornecidos pelos médicos e instituições) para a seguradora, que é o governo provincial ou territorial. Os pacientes não precisam envolver-se nesse processo, ao contrário do processo americano (e em seguradoras e sistemas médicos privados em outros países do mundo), no qual pacientes encarregam-se de disputar com a seguradora os custos dos serviços fornecidos. No geral, os custos da assistência médica no país são cobertos por fundos provenientes do imposto de renda, embora três províncias impõem um imposto fixo a mais (que podem ser removidos em famílias de baixa renda). Aproximadamente 70% dos gastos da assistência médica canadense são cobertos por fundos públicos, com o restante sendo cobertos por fontes privadas - tanto seguradoras privadas quanto pagamentos pessoais por parte dos pacientes. Seguro privado no Canadá existe e é permitido, embora seja limitado pelo governo canadense a cobrir serviços que não são cobertos pela assistência médica pública da província ou território. Sob os termos do Canada Health Act, todas as "pessoas seguradas" - basicamente, todos os residentes legais do país, incluindo imigrantes recentes sem cidadania canadense, possuem o direito de receber "serviços segurados", sem precisar pagar diretamente pelos serviços. Tais serviços são definidos como serviços médicos necessários, e se fornecidos em um hospital ou por um praticante da saúde - no geral, médicos. O financiamento público varia consideravelmente, dependendo do serviço médico utilizado, variando de 99% para servicos de doutores e 90% dos servicos hospitalares, a quase 0% para tratamentos dentários. A assistência médica provincial ou territorial possui um único plano de cuidado médico; uma variedade de planos não é fornecida visto que todos os serviços básicos são cobertos, incluindo problemas de maternidade e fertilidade. Serviços comumente não cobertos pelas províncias e territórios incluem serviços odontológicos e oftalmológicos. Tais serviços são cobertos por seguradoras privadas. Um cartão de saúde é fornecido pelo Ministério da Saúde de cada província e território para seus habitantes, e todos os clientes servidos devem receber o mesmo nível de cuidado, independente de renda ou cultura. A cobertura de saúde não é afetada pela perda ou mudança de empregos, e o seguro público não exclui pacientes baseados em condições pré-existentes, nem possui limites de cobertura. Medicare não cobre os custos de remédios farmacêuticos. Estes são cobertos por companhias privadas, ou, no caso de clientes idosos ou de baixa renda, por outros programas públicos. Os preços dos remédios são negociados com as distribuidoras pelo governo federal, para regular custos. Médicos familiares são escolhidos pelos pacientes. Caso um especialista seja necessário, ou o paciente deseje ver um especialista, o médico de família pode referir o paciente para um especialista. Especialistas incluem dermatologistas e pediatras. Cuidado preventivo e detecção precoce são considerados importantes, e exames médicos anuais são encorajados, visto que não apenas estendem a expectativa e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, mas também diminui os custos da assistência médica. (pt)
- http://www.chsrf.ca/
- https://archive.today/20060319000252/http:/www.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp%3Fcw_page=AR_1282_E
- http://www.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp%3Fcw_page=AR_1282_E
- https://repolitics.com/features/canadian-federalism-and-public-health-care/
- http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/health/health-care-system/the-birth-of-medicare/topic-the-birth-of-medicare.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20060316151837/http:/secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp%3Fcw_page=AR_1282_E&cw_topic=1282
- https://web.archive.org/web/20060927122816/http:/secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp%3Fcw_page=spend_nhex_e
- https://web.archive.org/web/20060927123111/http:/secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp%3Fcw_page=hhrdata_npdb_e
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- Healthcare in Canada (en)
- الرعاية الصحية في كندا (ar)
- カナダの医療 (ja)
- Saúde no Canadá (pt)
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