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En política, los métodos de promedios mayores son un conjunto de fórmulas electorales utilizadas para asignar escaños en sistemas de representación proporcional por listas electorales. Una alternativa a estos métodos son los métodos de resto mayor. (es) A highest-averages method, also called a divisor method, is a class of methods for allocating seats in a parliament among agents such as political parties or federal states. A divisor method is an iterative method: at each iteration, the number of votes of each party is divided by its divisor, which is a function of the number of seats (initially 0) currently allocated to that party. The next seat is allocated to the party whose resulting ratio is largest. (en) 最高平均方式(さいこうへいきんほうしき、Highest averages method)とは、比例配分方式の一つで、名簿式投票制度における議席の各党への割り当てや選挙区への定数の配分に用いられる。計算方法は異なるが同じ結果を与える除数方式(Divisor method)についても本項で扱う。最高平均方式は主に比例代表選挙の文脈で用いられ、除数方式は地域への議席配分の文脈で用いられることが多い。最大剰余方式(Largest remainder method)と対照される。 (ja) 最高均數方法,又稱除數制,是比例代表制投票制度下,一種議席分配的方法,相對於最大餘額方法。 在最高均數方法,每席所得選票平均數值(均數)最高的政黨,可順序獲分配議席。政黨每取一席,其均數便相應遞減。最常用的最高均數方法,分別使用兩種最高均數法:漢狄法(又譯抗特法)及聖拉古法與及各自的兩個變種:改良漢狄法及(Modified Sainte-Laguë method)。兩個變種實際只是在數字上相似,但實際已產生效果已完全不同,所以共可視為四種獨立的均數方法,也不一定能產生中文譯法中的「改良」效果。 簡而言之,最高均數方法就是自動配票的最大餘額方法。係數越小的最高均數方法,就把得票較高的高支持名單配得越平均。 例如係數最小的漢狄法,實際就是當成在自動配票的過程中,一個名單中的每一個當選席位配得完全相同的票數。一個名單里,如果有2人當選,每人平分多少票;如果3人當選,每人平分多少票;以此類推。最後通過各張名單之間的對比,得出總當選人數恰好等於議席數目的每席所需票數。再按該票數決定每張名單分得的議席數目。 而係數越大的最高均數方法,例如聖拉古法和改良漢狄法,其結果就越接近于最大餘額方法。實際就是在自動配票的過程中,把更多的選票分配給名單上排名靠前,已經確定當選的名單候選人。爲了避免這種分配上的支持票浪費情況,采用這種方法的選舉中,也廣泛發生了跟采取最大餘額方法的選舉中一樣的名單分拆和配票行爲。 (zh) |
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En política, los métodos de promedios mayores son un conjunto de fórmulas electorales utilizadas para asignar escaños en sistemas de representación proporcional por listas electorales. Una alternativa a estos métodos son los métodos de resto mayor. (es) A highest-averages method, also called a divisor method, is a class of methods for allocating seats in a parliament among agents such as political parties or federal states. A divisor method is an iterative method: at each iteration, the number of votes of each party is divided by its divisor, which is a function of the number of seats (initially 0) currently allocated to that party. The next seat is allocated to the party whose resulting ratio is largest. (en) 最高平均方式(さいこうへいきんほうしき、Highest averages method)とは、比例配分方式の一つで、名簿式投票制度における議席の各党への割り当てや選挙区への定数の配分に用いられる。計算方法は異なるが同じ結果を与える除数方式(Divisor method)についても本項で扱う。最高平均方式は主に比例代表選挙の文脈で用いられ、除数方式は地域への議席配分の文脈で用いられることが多い。最大剰余方式(Largest remainder method)と対照される。 (ja) 最高均數方法,又稱除數制,是比例代表制投票制度下,一種議席分配的方法,相對於最大餘額方法。 在最高均數方法,每席所得選票平均數值(均數)最高的政黨,可順序獲分配議席。政黨每取一席,其均數便相應遞減。最常用的最高均數方法,分別使用兩種最高均數法:漢狄法(又譯抗特法)及聖拉古法與及各自的兩個變種:改良漢狄法及(Modified Sainte-Laguë method)。兩個變種實際只是在數字上相似,但實際已產生效果已完全不同,所以共可視為四種獨立的均數方法,也不一定能產生中文譯法中的「改良」效果。 簡而言之,最高均數方法就是自動配票的最大餘額方法。係數越小的最高均數方法,就把得票較高的高支持名單配得越平均。 例如係數最小的漢狄法,實際就是當成在自動配票的過程中,一個名單中的每一個當選席位配得完全相同的票數。一個名單里,如果有2人當選,每人平分多少票;如果3人當選,每人平分多少票;以此類推。最後通過各張名單之間的對比,得出總當選人數恰好等於議席數目的每席所需票數。再按該票數決定每張名單分得的議席數目。 而係數越大的最高均數方法,例如聖拉古法和改良漢狄法,其結果就越接近于最大餘額方法。實際就是在自動配票的過程中,把更多的選票分配給名單上排名靠前,已經確定當選的名單候選人。爲了避免這種分配上的支持票浪費情況,采用這種方法的選舉中,也廣泛發生了跟采取最大餘額方法的選舉中一樣的名單分拆和配票行爲。 (zh) |
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Método de promedios mayores (es) Highest averages method (en) 最高平均方式 (ja) 最高均數法 (zh) |
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