KH-11 KENNEN (original) (raw)

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Keyhole 11, ou KH-11 est une famille de satellites de reconnaissance optique américains, de nom de code 1010, Crystal, et Kennen (souvent orthographié à tort Kennan), placés en orbite à compter de 1976 et dont la production se poursuit en 2017. Ces satellites, dotés de chambres photographiques numériques, ont été les premiers satellites espions américains à offrir une visualisation en temps réel. Jusqu'à la série KH-9, les photographies étaient retournées sur Terre à bord d'une capsule.

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dbo:abstract كيه إتش-11 كينين هي نوع من أقمار التجسس التي أطلقها مكتب الاستطلاع الوطني لأول مرة في ديسمبر عام 1976. تم تصنيعها لأول مرة من قبل شركة لوكهيد في سانيفال (كاليفورنيا) وكانت أول قمر تجسس أمريكي يستعمل التصوير الرقمي الكهرضوئي وبالتالي يقدم مشاهدات الرصد البصري ضمن الإطار الزمني الحقيقي. أشير إلى كي إتش-11 من قبل المراقبين الخارجيين فيما بعد بـ كيه إتش-11 بي وكيه إتش-12 وبأسماء مثل «كينين المتقدمة» و«كريستال المحسنة» و«إيكون». صُنّفت قدرات كيه إتش-11 على أنها عالية الدرجة وكذلك الصور التي تنتجها. يُعتقد بأن هذا القمر كان مصدر صور الاتحاد السوفيتي والصين التي نُشرت فيما بعد عام 1997، كذلك صور رد السودان وأفغانستان على تفجير السفارة الأمريكية عام 1998 والتي نشرت عام 1998 أيضاً، وبالإضافة إلى الصور التي كشف عنها الرئيس دونالد ترامب عام 2019 المتعلقة بإطلاق صاروخ إيراني فاشل. (ar) Keyhole 11, ou KH-11 est une famille de satellites de reconnaissance optique américains, de nom de code 1010, Crystal, et Kennen (souvent orthographié à tort Kennan), placés en orbite à compter de 1976 et dont la production se poursuit en 2017. Ces satellites, dotés de chambres photographiques numériques, ont été les premiers satellites espions américains à offrir une visualisation en temps réel. Jusqu'à la série KH-9, les photographies étaient retournées sur Terre à bord d'une capsule. (fr) The KH-11 KENNEN (later renamed CRYSTAL, then Evolved Enhanced CRYSTAL System, and codenamed 1010 and Key Hole) is a type of reconnaissance satellite first launched by the American National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) in December 1976. Manufactured by Lockheed in Sunnyvale, California, the KH-11 was the first American spy satellite to use electro-optical digital imaging, and so offer real-time optical observations. Later KH-11 satellites have been referred to by outside observers as KH-11B or KH-12, and by the names "Advanced KENNEN", "Improved Crystal" and "Ikon". Official budget documents refer to the latest generation of electro-optical satellites as Evolved Enhanced CRYSTAL System. The Key Hole series was officially discontinued in favor of a random numbering scheme after repeated public references to KH-7 GAMBIT, KH-8 GAMBIT 3, KH-9 HEXAGON, and KH-11 KENNEN satellites. The capabilities of the KH-11 are highly classified, as are images they produce. The satellites are believed to have been the source of some imagery of the Soviet Union and China made public in 1997; images of Sudan and Afghanistan made public in 1998 related to the response to the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings; and a classified 2019 photo, leaked by then President Donald Trump, of a failed Iranian rocket launch. The image was later declassified in November 2022. (en) KH-11은 미국 국가정찰국의 정찰위성이다. 암호명 1010, Crystal, Kennan으로도 불렸다. 일반에게는 1976년부터 1990년 사이에 사용되었고 지금도 사용중인 키홀 위성이라고 알려져 있다. KH는 Key Hole 의 약자이다. 캘리포니아주 서니배일에 위치한 록히드 마틴의 제품이다. KH-11은 실시간 정찰이 가능한 디지털 광학 이미지를 사용하는 미국 최초의 정찰위성이다. (ko) KH-11 KENNAN, также известный под кодовыми названиями 1010 и Crystal (Кристалл) и обычно называемый «Key Hole» («Замочная Скважина») — тип разведывательных спутников, которые запускались Национальным управлением военно-космической разведки США с 1976 года. Изготовленный Lockheed Corporation в Саннивейл (Калифорния), KH-11 стал первым американским спутником-шпионом, который использовал оптико-электронную цифровую фотокамеру и передавал полученные изображения практически сразу после фотографирования. (ru)
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rdfs:comment Keyhole 11, ou KH-11 est une famille de satellites de reconnaissance optique américains, de nom de code 1010, Crystal, et Kennen (souvent orthographié à tort Kennan), placés en orbite à compter de 1976 et dont la production se poursuit en 2017. Ces satellites, dotés de chambres photographiques numériques, ont été les premiers satellites espions américains à offrir une visualisation en temps réel. Jusqu'à la série KH-9, les photographies étaient retournées sur Terre à bord d'une capsule. (fr) KH-11은 미국 국가정찰국의 정찰위성이다. 암호명 1010, Crystal, Kennan으로도 불렸다. 일반에게는 1976년부터 1990년 사이에 사용되었고 지금도 사용중인 키홀 위성이라고 알려져 있다. KH는 Key Hole 의 약자이다. 캘리포니아주 서니배일에 위치한 록히드 마틴의 제품이다. KH-11은 실시간 정찰이 가능한 디지털 광학 이미지를 사용하는 미국 최초의 정찰위성이다. (ko) KH-11 KENNAN, также известный под кодовыми названиями 1010 и Crystal (Кристалл) и обычно называемый «Key Hole» («Замочная Скважина») — тип разведывательных спутников, которые запускались Национальным управлением военно-космической разведки США с 1976 года. Изготовленный Lockheed Corporation в Саннивейл (Калифорния), KH-11 стал первым американским спутником-шпионом, который использовал оптико-электронную цифровую фотокамеру и передавал полученные изображения практически сразу после фотографирования. (ru) كيه إتش-11 كينين هي نوع من أقمار التجسس التي أطلقها مكتب الاستطلاع الوطني لأول مرة في ديسمبر عام 1976. تم تصنيعها لأول مرة من قبل شركة لوكهيد في سانيفال (كاليفورنيا) وكانت أول قمر تجسس أمريكي يستعمل التصوير الرقمي الكهرضوئي وبالتالي يقدم مشاهدات الرصد البصري ضمن الإطار الزمني الحقيقي. (ar) The KH-11 KENNEN (later renamed CRYSTAL, then Evolved Enhanced CRYSTAL System, and codenamed 1010 and Key Hole) is a type of reconnaissance satellite first launched by the American National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) in December 1976. Manufactured by Lockheed in Sunnyvale, California, the KH-11 was the first American spy satellite to use electro-optical digital imaging, and so offer real-time optical observations. (en)
rdfs:label كيه إتش-11 كينين (ar) KH-11 (fr) KH-11 KENNEN (en) KH-11 (ko) KH-11 (ru) KH-11 (uk)
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