Indian Removal Act (original) (raw)
L'Indian Removal Act (Llei de trasllat índia) va ser una llei aprovada pel Congrés dels Estats Units d'Amèrica el 28 de maig de 1830, durant la Presidència d'Andrew Jackson. Autoritzava a negociar amb les tribus ameríndies del sud dels EUA la seva deportació al territori federal a l'oest del riu Mississipí a canvi de les seves terres ancestrals. La llei va rebre un suport ferm de persones no natives del Sud, que estaven desitjosos d'obtenir accés a les terres habitades per les cinc tribus civilitzades. Els missioners cristians, sobretot , van protestar contra l'aprovació.
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| dbo:abstract | L'Indian Removal Act (Llei de trasllat índia) va ser una llei aprovada pel Congrés dels Estats Units d'Amèrica el 28 de maig de 1830, durant la Presidència d'Andrew Jackson. Autoritzava a negociar amb les tribus ameríndies del sud dels EUA la seva deportació al territori federal a l'oest del riu Mississipí a canvi de les seves terres ancestrals. La llei va rebre un suport ferm de persones no natives del Sud, que estaven desitjosos d'obtenir accés a les terres habitades per les cinc tribus civilitzades. Els missioners cristians, sobretot , van protestar contra l'aprovació. (ca) قانون إبعاد الهنود كان قانونًا أمريكيًا أصدر من قبل الكونغرس الأمريكي في 28 مايو 1830، خلال فترة رئاسة أندرو جاكسون، سمح للرئيس بالتفاوض مع القبائل الأمريكية الأصلية المعروفة محليًا آنذاك بالهنود الحمر والمنتشرة في جنوب الولايات المتحدة لإبعادهم إلى أراض فدرالية غرب الميسيسيبي مقابل التخلي عن أراضيهم الأصلية. حصل القانون على دعم كبير من السكان غير الأصليين في الجنوب، الذي كانوا يتطلعون إلى الحصول على أراضي السكان الأصليين التي يقطنها القبائل الخمس المتحضرة، بينما عارضت البعثات التبشيرية المسيحية هذا القانون. (ar) Der Indian Removal Act, dt. Indianer-Umsiedlungsgesetz oder Indianer-Ausweisungs-Gesetz (wörtlich „Indianer-Entfernungs-Akt“), wurde 1830 in den USA erlassen, um eine gesetzliche Grundlage für die Vertreibung der Indianer (Indian Removal) aus den Bundesstaaten östlich des Mississippi River zu schaffen. Das Gesetz wurde am 24. April 1830 vom US-Senat beschlossen. Das Repräsentantenhaus stimmte ihm mit 102 zu 97 Stimmen (bei den Abgeordneten aus dem Norden eher Ablehnung, aus dem Süden Zustimmung) am 26. Mai zu. Präsident Andrew Jackson, der das Vorhaben unterstützte, unterzeichnete es am 28. Mai 1830. Es wurde vor allem von den Südstaaten befürwortet, die das von den fünf zivilisierten Nationen beanspruchte Land für sich wollten. Die Opposition unter den Weißen war groß, unter den wichtigsten Gegnern des Gesetzes waren der Missionar , Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen und der Kongressabgeordnete Davy Crockett aus Tennessee, ein berühmter Held des „Wilden Westens“. Das Gesetz ermächtigte den Präsidenten, mit den innerhalb der Bundesstaaten lebenden Stämmen Verhandlungen zu beginnen, um ihr Land gegen solches zu tauschen, das in den 1803 im Louisiana Purchase erworbenen Gebieten lag, die (noch) nicht als Staaten oder Territorien organisiert waren. Dieses Gebiet wurde später Indianer-Territorium genannt und bildet heute einen Teil des Staates Oklahoma. Der erste derartige Vertrag war der Vertrag von Dancing Rabbit Creek, der am 27. September 1830 unterzeichnet wurde. Die Choctaw verzichteten auf Land im Staat Mississippi (östlich des Flusses) und erhielten dafür Geld sowie Land westlich des Flusses. Der Vertrag von New Echota 1835 führte zur Vertreibung der Cherokee aus dem fruchtbaren südöstlichen Waldland der USA in das eher karge Indianer-Territorium im heutigen Bundesstaat Oklahoma, dem sogenannten „Pfad der Tränen“. Die meisten Stämme im Osten beugten sich dem Druck und unterzeichneten ähnliche Verträge. Einige kleinere Stämme leben aber auch heute noch im Osten der USA. Das Gesetz sah eigentlich vor, dass die Indianer während der Umsiedlung und in den ersten Jahren danach versorgt werden sollten. Dies wurde allerdings nur sehr nachlässig durchgeführt, weshalb es zu vielen Todesfällen kam. Auch die Garantien, dass das Land den Indianern auf ewig gehören solle, wurden von den Vereinigten Staaten nicht eingehalten. (de) Indiarrak Lekualdatzeko Legea (edo Indian Removal Act) 1830eko maiatzaren 28an Andrew Jackson Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako presidenteak aldarrikatutako legea izan zen. Legeak presidenteari baimena ematen zion hegoaldeko tribu natibo amerikarrekin negoziatzeko (Erdialde Atlantikokoak barne) hauek Mississippi ibaiaren ekialdetik mendebaldera lekualdatzeko, antzinako lurren kolonizazio zuriaren truke. Andrew Jacksonek sinatu zuen Legea, eta gogor aplikatu zen haren eta Martin Van Burenen gobernupean. Estatu Batuetako Independentzia Gerraren ondorengo hamarkadetan, herrialdeko populazioaren hazkunde azkarra dela eta, natibo amerikarren lurrak erosten hasi ziren. Ondorioz, AEBko gobernua Indiako tribuak animatzen hasi zen beren lurrak saltzeko, mendebaldeko lurrak eskeiniz, garai hartako herrialdeko estatuen mugetatik kanpo. Prozesu hori azkartu egin zen 1830eko Indiarrak Lekualdatzeko Legearen onarpenaren ondorioz. Kalkuluen arabera, 100.000 amerindiar inguru mendebaldera eraman zituzten politika horren ondorioz, eta gehienak 1830eko hamarkadan emigratu zuten, Indiar Lurraldea izenekoan finkatuta. Legeak babes handia jaso zuen hegoaldeko eta ipar-mendebaldeko estatubatuarren aldetik, baina bertako tribuak eta aurka agertu ziren. Txerokiek elkarrekin lan egin zuten birkokatze hori geldiarazteko, baina ez zuten arrakastarik izan; azkenean, Estatu Batuetako gobernuak indarrez kanporatu zituen, geroago izenez ezagutu zen mendebalderako martxa batean, genozidio-ekintza gisa deskribatu dena, asko lekualdaketetan hil zirelako. (eu) The Indian Removal Act was signed into law on May 28, 1830, by United States President Andrew Jackson. The law, as described by Congress, provided "for an exchange of lands with the Indians residing in any of the states or territories, and for their removal west of the river Mississippi." During the Presidency of Jackson (1829-1837) and his successor Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) more than 60,000 Indians from at least 18 tribes were forced to move west of the Mississippi River where they were allocated new lands. The southern tribes were resettled mostly in Indian Territory (Oklahoma). The northern tribes were resettled initially in Kansas. With a few exceptions the United States east of the Mississippi and south of the Great Lakes was emptied of its Indian population. The movement westward of the Indian tribes was characterized by a large number of deaths occasioned by the hardships of the journey. The U.S. Congress approved the Act by a narrow majority in the House of Representatives. The Indian Removal Act was supported by President Jackson, southern and white settlers, and several state governments, especially that of Georgia. Indian tribes, the Whig Party, and many Americans opposed the bill. Legal efforts to allow Indian tribes to remain on their land in the eastern U.S. failed. Most famously, the Cherokee (excluding the Treaty Party) challenged their relocation, but were unsuccessful in the courts; they were forcibly removed by the United States government in a march to the west that later became known as the Trail of Tears. (en) La Ley de Traslado Forzoso de los Indios (en inglés: Indian Removal Act) fue una ley de Estados Unidos promulgada el 28 de mayo de 1830 por el presidente Andrew Jackson. La ley autorizaba al presidente a negociar con las tribus nativas americanas del sur (incluido el Atlántico medio) su expulsión a territorio federal al oeste del río Misisipi a cambio de la colonización blanca de sus tierras ancestrales. La ley fue firmada por Andrew Jackson y se aplicó con fuerza bajo su gobierno y el de Martin Van Buren, prolongandose hasta el año 1841. La Ley recibió un fuerte apoyo de las poblaciones estadounidense del sur y del noroeste, pero se opuso a ella las tribus nativas y el Partido Whig. Los cherokees trabajaron juntos para detener esta reubicación, pero no tuvieron éxito; finalmente fueron expulsados a la fuerza por el gobierno de Estados Unidos en una marcha hacia el oeste que más tarde se conoció como el Sendero de Lágrimas, que se ha descrito como un acto de genocidio, porque muchos murieron durante los traslados. (es) L'Indian Removal Act (en français : « loi sur le déplacement des Indiens » ou « loi sur la déportation des Indiens ») est une loi des États-Unis, proposée par le président Andrew Jackson, votée par le Congrès les 24 avril et 26 mai 1830 et signée par le président le 28 mai 1830, qui ordonne la déportation des Amérindiens vivant dans les territoires situés entre les treize États fondateurs et le Mississippi vers un territoire situé au-delà de ce fleuve. Elle concernait 60 000 personnes. (fr) Undang-Undang Pemindahan Indian (bahasa Inggris: Indian Removal Act) ditandatangani oleh Presiden Andrew Jackson pada tanggal 28 Mei 1830. Undang-undang ini memberikan wewenang kepada presiden untuk melakukan perundingan dengan suku-suku Indian terkait dengan pemindahan ke teritori federal di sebelah barat Sungai Mississippi. Undang-undang ini sangat didukung oleh orang-orang non-Indian di Amerika Serikat Selatan, tetapi sangat ditentang oleh suku-suku Indian, Partai Whig, dan orang kulit putih di timur lautm khususnya di New England. Namun, suku-suku Indian di Amerika Serikat timur pada akhirnya dipindah secara paksa ke barat dan mengakibatkan tragedi Trail of Tears. (in) 인디언 이주법(Indian Removal Act)은 인디언 이주로 알려진 미국 정부 정책의 일환으로 1830년 5월 28일 앤드루 잭슨 대통령이 서명한 법률이다. (ko) L'Indian Removal Act ("legge per la rimozione degli indiani", in inglese) è una delle leggi emanate dal governo degli Stati Uniti d'America, promulgata dal presidente Andrew Jackson il 28 maggio 1830. Il presidente Andrew Jackson (it) De Indian Removal Act werd op 28 mei 1830 in werking gesteld door president Andrew Jackson. De wet voorzag in een speciaal aangewezen gebied voor Indianen in het huidige Oklahoma. Hoewel vaak alleen Andrew Jackson wordt genoemd bij de Indian Removal Act was het waarschijnlijk Thomas Jefferson die het idee eerst voorstelde. Jackson zorgde slechts voor de implementatie en de uitvoering van het plan dat Jefferson had bedacht. Jefferson legde zijn plan uit in een reeks privébrieven aan William Henry Harrison. Zijn eerste acties om de Indian Removal Act te promoten gebeurden tussen 1776 en 1779, toen hij adviseerde om de Cherokee en de Shawnee van hun grondgebied te verdrijven naar het gebied ten westen van de Mississippi. Toen hij al president was schreef hij op 27 februari 1803 een brief aan de gouverneur van Indiana Territory, waarin hij zijn plannen met de indianen duidelijk maakt. Gevolgen van deze wet waren onoverzienbaar voor de inheemse bevolking. Deze gedwongen verplaatsing leidde tot duizenden doden onder de verschillende Indianenstammen en enorme stukken grondgebied, van zij die daar reeds eeuwen hun leven hadden doorgebracht, gingen verloren. De zoektocht naar grondstoffen en meer grondgebied van de Amerikaanse bevolking, om aan hun kapitalistische noden te voldoen, gingen ten koste van zij die er reeds eeuwen vreedzaam hadden geleefd. (nl) インディアン移住法（インディアンいじゅうほう、英語: Indian Removal Act）は、インディアン移住として知られるアメリカ合衆国政府の政策の一環として、1830年5月28日にアンドリュー・ジャクソン合衆国大統領によって調印された。 (ja) O Indian Removal Act foi assinado em lei em 28 de maio de 1830, pelo presidente dos Estados Unidos, Andrew Jackson. A lei autorizou o presidente a negociar com tribos nativas americanas do sul (incluindo do meio-atlântico) para sua remoção para território federal a oeste do rio Mississippi em troca do assentamento branco de suas terras ancestrais. A Lei foi assinada por Andrew Jackson e foi fortemente aplicada sob sua administração e a de Martin Van Buren, que se estendeu até 1841. A Lei foi fortemente apoiada pelas populações do sul e do noroeste, mas foi contestada por tribos nativas e pelo Partido Whig. Os Cherokees trabalharam juntos para impedir essa realocação, mas não tiveram sucesso; eles acabaram sendo removidos à força pelo governo dos Estados Unidos em uma marcha para o oeste que mais tarde ficou conhecida como a Trilha das Lágrimas, que foi descrita como um ato de genocídio, porque muitos morreram durante as remoções. (pt) Indian Removal Act var en lag i USA antagen den 28 maj 1830 som stipulerade att de indianstammar som var bosatta öster om Mississippifloden skulle flytta till områden väster om densamma. Trots att lagen formulerades så att förflyttningen skulle ske frivilligt brukades i regel kraftiga påtryckningar och militärt våld för att driva ut de drabbade stammarna från sina marker. Effekterna liksom bakgrunden till lagen var en del av det stegvisa i USA under 1800-talet. (sv) Закон о переселении индейцев (англ. Indian Removal Act) — принятый конгрессом США и подписанный президентом Эндрю Джексоном закон о переселении индейцев из юго-восточных штатов на необжитые земли западнее реки Миссисипи. Закон вступил в силу 28 мая 1830 года. (ru) Закон про переселення індіанців (англ. Indian Removal Act) — прийнятий конгресом США і підписаний президентом Ендрю Джексоном закон про переселення індіанців з південно-східних штатів на необжиті землі на захід від річки Міссісіпі. Закон набув чинності 28 травня 1830 року. (uk) 《印第安人迁移法案》，作为美国政府的印第安人迁移政策的一部分，于1830年5月26日由美国总统安德鲁·杰克逊签署为法律。 (zh) |
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| dbp:fullname | An Act to provide for an exchange of lands with the Indians residing in any of the states or territories, and for their removal west of the river Mississippi. (en) |
| dbp:introducedin | Senate (en) |
| dbp:passedbody | House (en) Senate (en) |
| dbp:passeddate | 1830-04-24 (xsd:date) 1830-05-26 (xsd:date) |
| dbp:passedvote | 28 (xsd:integer) 101 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:signeddate | 1830-05-28 (xsd:date) |
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| rdfs:comment | L'Indian Removal Act (Llei de trasllat índia) va ser una llei aprovada pel Congrés dels Estats Units d'Amèrica el 28 de maig de 1830, durant la Presidència d'Andrew Jackson. Autoritzava a negociar amb les tribus ameríndies del sud dels EUA la seva deportació al territori federal a l'oest del riu Mississipí a canvi de les seves terres ancestrals. La llei va rebre un suport ferm de persones no natives del Sud, que estaven desitjosos d'obtenir accés a les terres habitades per les cinc tribus civilitzades. Els missioners cristians, sobretot , van protestar contra l'aprovació. (ca) قانون إبعاد الهنود كان قانونًا أمريكيًا أصدر من قبل الكونغرس الأمريكي في 28 مايو 1830، خلال فترة رئاسة أندرو جاكسون، سمح للرئيس بالتفاوض مع القبائل الأمريكية الأصلية المعروفة محليًا آنذاك بالهنود الحمر والمنتشرة في جنوب الولايات المتحدة لإبعادهم إلى أراض فدرالية غرب الميسيسيبي مقابل التخلي عن أراضيهم الأصلية. حصل القانون على دعم كبير من السكان غير الأصليين في الجنوب، الذي كانوا يتطلعون إلى الحصول على أراضي السكان الأصليين التي يقطنها القبائل الخمس المتحضرة، بينما عارضت البعثات التبشيرية المسيحية هذا القانون. (ar) L'Indian Removal Act (en français : « loi sur le déplacement des Indiens » ou « loi sur la déportation des Indiens ») est une loi des États-Unis, proposée par le président Andrew Jackson, votée par le Congrès les 24 avril et 26 mai 1830 et signée par le président le 28 mai 1830, qui ordonne la déportation des Amérindiens vivant dans les territoires situés entre les treize États fondateurs et le Mississippi vers un territoire situé au-delà de ce fleuve. Elle concernait 60 000 personnes. (fr) Undang-Undang Pemindahan Indian (bahasa Inggris: Indian Removal Act) ditandatangani oleh Presiden Andrew Jackson pada tanggal 28 Mei 1830. Undang-undang ini memberikan wewenang kepada presiden untuk melakukan perundingan dengan suku-suku Indian terkait dengan pemindahan ke teritori federal di sebelah barat Sungai Mississippi. Undang-undang ini sangat didukung oleh orang-orang non-Indian di Amerika Serikat Selatan, tetapi sangat ditentang oleh suku-suku Indian, Partai Whig, dan orang kulit putih di timur lautm khususnya di New England. Namun, suku-suku Indian di Amerika Serikat timur pada akhirnya dipindah secara paksa ke barat dan mengakibatkan tragedi Trail of Tears. (in) 인디언 이주법(Indian Removal Act)은 인디언 이주로 알려진 미국 정부 정책의 일환으로 1830년 5월 28일 앤드루 잭슨 대통령이 서명한 법률이다. (ko) L'Indian Removal Act ("legge per la rimozione degli indiani", in inglese) è una delle leggi emanate dal governo degli Stati Uniti d'America, promulgata dal presidente Andrew Jackson il 28 maggio 1830. Il presidente Andrew Jackson (it) インディアン移住法（インディアンいじゅうほう、英語: Indian Removal Act）は、インディアン移住として知られるアメリカ合衆国政府の政策の一環として、1830年5月28日にアンドリュー・ジャクソン合衆国大統領によって調印された。 (ja) Indian Removal Act var en lag i USA antagen den 28 maj 1830 som stipulerade att de indianstammar som var bosatta öster om Mississippifloden skulle flytta till områden väster om densamma. Trots att lagen formulerades så att förflyttningen skulle ske frivilligt brukades i regel kraftiga påtryckningar och militärt våld för att driva ut de drabbade stammarna från sina marker. Effekterna liksom bakgrunden till lagen var en del av det stegvisa i USA under 1800-talet. (sv) Закон о переселении индейцев (англ. Indian Removal Act) — принятый конгрессом США и подписанный президентом Эндрю Джексоном закон о переселении индейцев из юго-восточных штатов на необжитые земли западнее реки Миссисипи. Закон вступил в силу 28 мая 1830 года. (ru) Закон про переселення індіанців (англ. Indian Removal Act) — прийнятий конгресом США і підписаний президентом Ендрю Джексоном закон про переселення індіанців з південно-східних штатів на необжиті землі на захід від річки Міссісіпі. Закон набув чинності 28 травня 1830 року. (uk) 《印第安人迁移法案》，作为美国政府的印第安人迁移政策的一部分，于1830年5月26日由美国总统安德鲁·杰克逊签署为法律。 (zh) Der Indian Removal Act, dt. Indianer-Umsiedlungsgesetz oder Indianer-Ausweisungs-Gesetz (wörtlich „Indianer-Entfernungs-Akt“), wurde 1830 in den USA erlassen, um eine gesetzliche Grundlage für die Vertreibung der Indianer (Indian Removal) aus den Bundesstaaten östlich des Mississippi River zu schaffen. (de) The Indian Removal Act was signed into law on May 28, 1830, by United States President Andrew Jackson. The law, as described by Congress, provided "for an exchange of lands with the Indians residing in any of the states or territories, and for their removal west of the river Mississippi." During the Presidency of Jackson (1829-1837) and his successor Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) more than 60,000 Indians from at least 18 tribes were forced to move west of the Mississippi River where they were allocated new lands. The southern tribes were resettled mostly in Indian Territory (Oklahoma). The northern tribes were resettled initially in Kansas. With a few exceptions the United States east of the Mississippi and south of the Great Lakes was emptied of its Indian population. The movement westwar (en) La Ley de Traslado Forzoso de los Indios (en inglés: Indian Removal Act) fue una ley de Estados Unidos promulgada el 28 de mayo de 1830 por el presidente Andrew Jackson. La ley autorizaba al presidente a negociar con las tribus nativas americanas del sur (incluido el Atlántico medio) su expulsión a territorio federal al oeste del río Misisipi a cambio de la colonización blanca de sus tierras ancestrales. La ley fue firmada por Andrew Jackson y se aplicó con fuerza bajo su gobierno y el de Martin Van Buren, prolongandose hasta el año 1841. (es) Indiarrak Lekualdatzeko Legea (edo Indian Removal Act) 1830eko maiatzaren 28an Andrew Jackson Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako presidenteak aldarrikatutako legea izan zen. Legeak presidenteari baimena ematen zion hegoaldeko tribu natibo amerikarrekin negoziatzeko (Erdialde Atlantikokoak barne) hauek Mississippi ibaiaren ekialdetik mendebaldera lekualdatzeko, antzinako lurren kolonizazio zuriaren truke. Andrew Jacksonek sinatu zuen Legea, eta gogor aplikatu zen haren eta Martin Van Burenen gobernupean. (eu) De Indian Removal Act werd op 28 mei 1830 in werking gesteld door president Andrew Jackson. De wet voorzag in een speciaal aangewezen gebied voor Indianen in het huidige Oklahoma. Hoewel vaak alleen Andrew Jackson wordt genoemd bij de Indian Removal Act was het waarschijnlijk Thomas Jefferson die het idee eerst voorstelde. Jackson zorgde slechts voor de implementatie en de uitvoering van het plan dat Jefferson had bedacht. Jefferson legde zijn plan uit in een reeks privébrieven aan William Henry Harrison. Zijn eerste acties om de Indian Removal Act te promoten gebeurden tussen 1776 en 1779, toen hij adviseerde om de Cherokee en de Shawnee van hun grondgebied te verdrijven naar het gebied ten westen van de Mississippi. Toen hij al president was schreef hij op 27 februari 1803 een brief aan (nl) O Indian Removal Act foi assinado em lei em 28 de maio de 1830, pelo presidente dos Estados Unidos, Andrew Jackson. A lei autorizou o presidente a negociar com tribos nativas americanas do sul (incluindo do meio-atlântico) para sua remoção para território federal a oeste do rio Mississippi em troca do assentamento branco de suas terras ancestrais. A Lei foi assinada por Andrew Jackson e foi fortemente aplicada sob sua administração e a de Martin Van Buren, que se estendeu até 1841. (pt) |
| rdfs:label | قانون إبعاد الهنود (ar) Indian Removal Act (ca) Indian Removal Act (de) Ley de traslado forzoso de los indios (es) Indiarrak lekualdatzeko legea (eu) Undang-Undang Pemindahan Indian (in) Indian Removal Act (fr) Indian Removal Act (en) Indian Removal Act (it) 인디언 이주법 (ko) インディアン移住法 (ja) Indian Removal Act (nl) Indian Removal Act (pt) Закон о переселении индейцев (ru) Indian Removal Act (sv) Закон про переселення індіанців (uk) 印第安人迁移法案 (zh) |
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