Irene Morgan (original) (raw)
إيرين مورغان (بالإنجليزية: Irene Morgan) هي ناشِطة أمريكية، ولدت في 9 أبريل 1917 في بالتيمور في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفيت في 10 أغسطس 2007 في مقاطعة غلوستر في الولايات المتحدة.
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| dbo:abstract | إيرين مورغان (بالإنجليزية: Irene Morgan) هي ناشِطة أمريكية، ولدت في 9 أبريل 1917 في بالتيمور في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفيت في 10 أغسطس 2007 في مقاطعة غلوستر في الولايات المتحدة. (ar) Irene Morgan Kirkaldy (* 9. April 1917 in Baltimore, Maryland; † 10. August 2007 im Gloucester County, Virginia) war eine US-amerikanische Bürgerrechtlerin. Sie beteiligte sich am Kampf um die Abschaffung der staatlich sanktionierten Rassentrennung in den USA. Elf Jahre früher als die später bekannter gewordene Rosa Parks wurde Morgan als 27-Jährige verhaftet, weil sie ihren Sitz in einem Greyhound-Bus auf der Fahrt von Gloucester nach Baltimore nicht für einen Weißen aufgeben wollte. In ihrem Rechtsstreit gegen die Verwaltung des Bundesstaates Virginia wurde sie vom Rechtsanwalt der Vereinigung NAACP, Thurgood Marshall, vertreten. Der Prozess führte 1946 zu der Festlegung, dass aufgrund des Vorrangs von Bundesrecht einzelstaatliche Rassentrennungsgesetze in zwischenstaatlichen Beförderungsmitteln nicht anzuwenden sind, da sie gegen die Bestimmungen des 14. Zusatzartikels zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten verstießen. Morgans Fall inspirierte 16 Bürgerrechtler zum ersten Freedom Ride, einer Tour mit Bussen und Zügen zwischen den Bundesstaaten des Südens der USA. 2007 starb sie im Alter von 90 Jahren im Gloucester County in Virginia. (de) Irene Amos Morgan (April 9, 1917 – August 10, 2007), later known as Irene Morgan Kirkaldy, was an African-American woman from Baltimore, Maryland, who was arrested in Middlesex County, Virginia, in 1944 under a state law imposing racial segregation in public facilities and transportation. She was traveling on an interstate bus that operated under federal law and regulations. She refused to give up her seat in what the driver said was the "white section". At the time she worked for a defense contractor on the production line for B-26 Marauders. Morgan consulted with attorneys to appeal her conviction and the NAACP Legal Defense Fund took up her case. She was represented by William H. Hastie, the former governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands and later a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, and Thurgood Marshall, legal counsel of the NAACP. Her case, Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 328 U.S. 373 (1946), was appealed to the United States Supreme Court. In 1946 in a landmark decision, the Court ruled that the Virginia law was unconstitutional, as the Commerce clause protected interstate traffic. But neither Virginia nor other states observed the ruling and it was not enforced for decades. (en) Irene Morgan Kirkaldy (Baltimore, 1917 – Nueva York, 10 de agosto de 2007) fue una pionera del movimiento por los Derechos Civiles en Estados Unidos. Fue conocida por haber sido detenida en 1944 tras negarse a ceder su asiento de autobús a una pareja blanca y por su resistencia al arresto (que incluyó su agresión al agente que la detuvo). El caso fue llevado a la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos gracias a la apelación del abogado Thurgood Marshall. En junio de 1946 el Tribunal falló en contra de la ley del Estado de Virginia que dictaminaba la separación de razas en el transporte de viajeros. El fallo abrió las puertas a otras reclamaciones del movimiento por los derechos civiles, incluyendo el final de la segregación racial en todo el país tras el incidente similar de Rosa Parks en un autobús en Montgomery en 1955. Se graduó en la universidad en 1985, con 68 años. Fue galardonada en 2001 con la , segunda condecoración civil más importante de EE. UU. (es) Irene Amos Morgan (connue également sous le nom de Irene Morgan Kirkaldy), est une personnalité afro-américaine des États-Unis née le 9 avril 1917 et morte le 10 août 2007 à Gloucester, Virginie. Elle est connue pour avoir refusé de céder son siège à un blanc dans un bus Greyhound le 16 juillet 1944 , à l'instar de Rosa Parks onze ans plus tard. À l'âge de 27 ans, elle fut arrêtée et jetée en prison. (fr) Irene Amos Morgan Kirkaldy (Baltimora, 9 aprile 1917 – Contea di Gloucester, 10 agosto 2007) è stata un'attivista statunitense. Era una donna afroamericana di Baltimora, che venne arrestata nella contea di Middlesex nel 1944 in virtù di una legge statale che imponeva la segregazione razziale nei servizi pubblici e nei trasporti. Viaggiava su un autobus interstatale che operava secondo le leggi e i regolamenti federali. Si è rifiutata di rinunciare al suo posto in quella che il conducente ha definito la "sezione bianca". All'epoca lavorava per conto di un'impresa nel settore della difesa nella linea di produzione per il Martin B-26 Marauder. Morgan si è rivolta agli avvocati per appellarsi contro la sua condanna e il NAACP Legal Defense Fund si è occupato del suo caso. Era rappresentata da William H. Hastie, ex governatore delle Isole Vergini americane e successivamente giudice della Corte d'Appello del Terzo Circuito, e da Thurgood Marshall, consulente legale della National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Il suo caso, Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia, fu sottoposto alla Corte suprema degli Stati Uniti d'America. Nel 1946, con una sentenza storica, la Corte ha dichiarato incostituzionale la legge della Virginia, in quanto la "clausola commercio" proteggeva il traffico interstatale. Ma né la Virginia né altri stati hanno osservato la sentenza e non è stata applicata per decenni. (it) |
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| rdfs:comment | إيرين مورغان (بالإنجليزية: Irene Morgan) هي ناشِطة أمريكية، ولدت في 9 أبريل 1917 في بالتيمور في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفيت في 10 أغسطس 2007 في مقاطعة غلوستر في الولايات المتحدة. (ar) Irene Amos Morgan (connue également sous le nom de Irene Morgan Kirkaldy), est une personnalité afro-américaine des États-Unis née le 9 avril 1917 et morte le 10 août 2007 à Gloucester, Virginie. Elle est connue pour avoir refusé de céder son siège à un blanc dans un bus Greyhound le 16 juillet 1944 , à l'instar de Rosa Parks onze ans plus tard. À l'âge de 27 ans, elle fut arrêtée et jetée en prison. (fr) Irene Morgan Kirkaldy (* 9. April 1917 in Baltimore, Maryland; † 10. August 2007 im Gloucester County, Virginia) war eine US-amerikanische Bürgerrechtlerin. Sie beteiligte sich am Kampf um die Abschaffung der staatlich sanktionierten Rassentrennung in den USA. Elf Jahre früher als die später bekannter gewordene Rosa Parks wurde Morgan als 27-Jährige verhaftet, weil sie ihren Sitz in einem Greyhound-Bus auf der Fahrt von Gloucester nach Baltimore nicht für einen Weißen aufgeben wollte. 2007 starb sie im Alter von 90 Jahren im Gloucester County in Virginia. (de) Irene Morgan Kirkaldy (Baltimore, 1917 – Nueva York, 10 de agosto de 2007) fue una pionera del movimiento por los Derechos Civiles en Estados Unidos. Fue conocida por haber sido detenida en 1944 tras negarse a ceder su asiento de autobús a una pareja blanca y por su resistencia al arresto (que incluyó su agresión al agente que la detuvo). Se graduó en la universidad en 1985, con 68 años. Fue galardonada en 2001 con la , segunda condecoración civil más importante de EE. UU. (es) Irene Amos Morgan (April 9, 1917 – August 10, 2007), later known as Irene Morgan Kirkaldy, was an African-American woman from Baltimore, Maryland, who was arrested in Middlesex County, Virginia, in 1944 under a state law imposing racial segregation in public facilities and transportation. She was traveling on an interstate bus that operated under federal law and regulations. She refused to give up her seat in what the driver said was the "white section". At the time she worked for a defense contractor on the production line for B-26 Marauders. (en) Irene Amos Morgan Kirkaldy (Baltimora, 9 aprile 1917 – Contea di Gloucester, 10 agosto 2007) è stata un'attivista statunitense. Era una donna afroamericana di Baltimora, che venne arrestata nella contea di Middlesex nel 1944 in virtù di una legge statale che imponeva la segregazione razziale nei servizi pubblici e nei trasporti. Viaggiava su un autobus interstatale che operava secondo le leggi e i regolamenti federali. Si è rifiutata di rinunciare al suo posto in quella che il conducente ha definito la "sezione bianca". All'epoca lavorava per conto di un'impresa nel settore della difesa nella linea di produzione per il Martin B-26 Marauder. (it) |
| rdfs:label | إيرين مورغان (ar) Irene Morgan (de) Irene Morgan Kirkaldy (es) Irene Morgan (en) Irene Morgan (it) Irene Morgan (fr) |
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