Rosa Parks (original) (raw)
Rosa Louise McCauley, coneguda com a Rosa Parks (Tuskegee, Alabama, 4 de febrer del 1913 — Detroit, Michigan, 24 d'octubre del 2005) fou una activista estatunidenca per l'equiparació de drets civils entre blancs i negres als Estats Units.
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| dbo:abstract | روزا لويس باركس (بالإنجليزية: Rosa Louise Parks) والتي ولدت تحت اسم روزا لويس ماكولي (بالإنجليزية: Rosa Louise McCouley") (عاشت بين 4 فبراير 1913-24 أكتوبر 2005) كانت ناشطة من أصول إفريقية أمريكية، طالبت بالحقوق المدنية للأمريكان الأفارقة. في 1/12/1955م، في مونتغمري في ألاباما، رفضت باركس طلب سائق الحافلة جيمس بليك بالتّخلي عن مقعدها في «القسم الملوّن» إلى راكب أبيض البشرة، بعد امتلاء القسم الخاص بالركّاب من أصحاب البشرة البيضاء؛ لم تكن بارك أول من حارب العنصرية، إلا أنها كانت تلقى اهتماماً كبيراً من قبل العالم بعد اعتقالها بسبب مقاومتها وعصيانها لقوانين الفصل في ألاباما. أصبحت باركس رمزاً هاماً من رموز حركة الحقوق المدنية، ورمزاً دوليّاً لمقاومة الفصل العنصريّ. (ar) Rosa Louise McCauley, coneguda com a Rosa Parks (Tuskegee, Alabama, 4 de febrer del 1913 — Detroit, Michigan, 24 d'octubre del 2005) fou una activista estatunidenca per l'equiparació de drets civils entre blancs i negres als Estats Units. (ca) Rosa (Louise) Parksová (4. února 1913 Tuskegee, Alabama, USA – 24. října 2005 Detroit, Michigan) patřila k nejznámějším aktivistkám za práva černochů v USA. V prosinci 1955 byla v alabamském Montgomery zatčena, protože odmítla v autobusu uvolnit místo bělochovi, což vedlo k bojkotu autobusové dopravy v Montgomery. Tento případ vedl k velkým protirasistickým protestům a představoval zásadní krok v rozvoji hnutí za černošská práva v USA. Rosa Parksová se stala jeho symbolem. (cs) Η Ρόζα Παρκς (Rosa Louise McCauley Parks, 4 Φεβρουαρίου 1913 - 24 Οκτωβρίου 2005) ήταν Αμερικανίδα ακτιβίστρια. Ήταν μία έγχρωμη μοδίστρα που έμελλε να μείνει στην ιστορία όταν, στις 1 Δεκεμβρίου 1955, στο Μοντγκόμερυ της Αλαμπάμα, αρνήθηκε να δώσει τη θέση της στο λεωφορείο σε έναν λευκό, αντιστεκόμενη στην τότε πολιτική φυλετικού διαχωρισμού των ΗΠΑ που απαιτούσε από τους έγχρωμους πολίτες να κάθονται στο πίσω μέρος του λεωφορείου και να παραχωρούν τη θέση τους στους λευκούς. Η πράξη αυτή πολιτικής ανυπακοής γέννησε ένα κίνημα κατά του φυλετικού διαχωρισμού στην πόλη αυτή, που άμεσα εκφράστηκε με μποϊκοτάζ των λεωφορείων από τους έγχρωμους επί 381 ημέρες, και βοήθησε έναν από τους διοργανωτές του κινήματος αυτού, ονόματι Μάρτιν Λούθερ Κινγκ, να ξεκινήσει μια διαδρομή που θα οδηγούσε στην ανάδειξή του σε κεντρική πολιτική φιγούρα στην Αμερική. Για τους λόγους αυτούς, η Ρόζα Παρκς σήμερα αναφέρεται ως «Μητέρα του σύγχρονου κινήματος πολιτικών δικαιωμάτων». Το 1996 της απονεμήθηκε το Προεδρικό Μετάλλιο της Ελευθερίας. Το 1999 τιμήθηκε με το Χρυσό Μετάλλιο του Κογκρέσου για τον αγώνα της κατά του ρατσισμού. Είναι η πρώτη γυναίκα της οποίας η σορός εκτέθηκε σε στη Ροτόντα του Καπιτωλίου. (el) Rosa Louise McCauley PARKS (naskiĝinta la 4-an de februaro 1913 en Tuskegee (Alabamo), mortinta la 24-an de oktobro 2005 en Detrojto) estis afrika usona Civilrajta aktivulo, kiu luktis kontraŭ rasa segregacio. Ŝi poste ricevis la kromnomon "Patrino de la civilrajta movado" fare de la usona Kongreso. (eo) Rosa Louise Parks (* 4. Februar 1913 als Rosa Louise McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama; † 24. Oktober 2005 in Detroit, Michigan) war eine US-amerikanische Bürgerrechtlerin. Die Afroamerikanerin wurde am 1. Dezember 1955 in Montgomery im US-Bundesstaat Alabama festgenommen, weil sie sich geweigert hatte, ihren Sitzplatz im Bus für einen weißen Fahrgast zu räumen. Dies löste den Busboykott von Montgomery aus, der neben den Protesten im Fall Emmett Till als Anfang der schwarzen Bürgerrechtsbewegung gilt, die das Ende der sogenannten Jim-Crow-Gesetze herbeiführte. (de) Rosa Louise Parks (jaiotza izena: Rosa Louise McCauley ; Tuskegee (Alabama), 1913ko otsailaren 4a - Detroit, 2005eko urriaren 24a) jostun afroamerikarra, Estatu Batuetako Eskubide Zibilen Aldeko Mugimenduko aktibista garrantzitsua izan zen, 1955eko abenduaren 1ean uko egin baitzion bere eserlekua gizonezko zuri bati utzi eta autobusaren atzealdean esertzeari, orduko AEBetako hegoaldeko legeak zioenaren aurka. Ekintza honen ondorioz preso hartu zuten eta askotan aipatzen da hau izan zela Eskubide Zibilen Aldeko Mugimendua piztu zuena. (eu) Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (Tuskegee, Alabama, 4 de febrero de 1913 - Detroit, Míchigan, 24 de octubre de 2005) fue una activista afroestadounidense, figura importante del movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos, en especial por haberse negado a ceder el asiento a un pasajero blanco y moverse a la parte trasera del autobús en Montgomery, Alabama (Estados Unidos), el 1 de diciembre del año 1955. Por tal acción, acabó siendo llevada a la cárcel, lo que se cita frecuentemente como la chispa del movimiento, y se la reconoce como «la primera dama de los derechos civiles», si bien ya existía un precedente de otra joven mujer, Claudette Colvin, que había sido arrestada por la misma causa el 2 de marzo del mismo año, el de Irene Morgan diez años antes o el de Ida B. Wells 71 años antes. (es) Rosa Louise McCauley Parks, dite Rosa Parks [ɹoʊzə pɑɹks], née le 4 février 1913 à Tuskegee en Alabama (États-Unis) et morte le 24 octobre 2005 à Détroit dans le Michigan, est une femme afro-américaine, figure emblématique de la lutte contre la ségrégation raciale aux États-Unis, surnommée « mère du mouvement des droits civiques » par le Congrès américain. Comme l'ont fait avant elle Claudette Colvin, 15 ans, le 2 mars 1955, (en), 36 ans, en avril 1955 et Mary Louise Smith, 18 ans, le 21 octobre 1955, à son tour Rosa Parks, 42 ans, refuse, le 1er décembre 1955, de céder sa place à un passager blanc dans l'autobus conduit par James F. Blake. Arrêtée par la police, elle se voit infliger une amende de 15 $. Le 5 décembre 1955, elle fait appel de ce jugement. Le pasteur Martin Luther King, avec le concours de Ralph Abernathy, pasteur de la Première église baptiste d'Amérique, lance alors une campagne de protestation et de boycott contre la compagnie de bus qui dure 380 jours. Le 13 novembre 1956, la Cour suprême des États-Unis casse les lois ségrégationnistes dans les bus, les déclarant anticonstitutionnelles. (fr) Bean den chine gorm sna Stáit Aontaithe ab ea Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (4 Feabhra 1913 - 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2005). Bhain sí clú agus cáil amach di féin san fheachtas chun cearta sibhialta a bhaint amach don chine gorm. Sa bhliain 1955, ghlac sí seasamh i gcoinne an chiníochais, rud a spreag feachtas cearta sibhialta i Meiriceá. (ga) Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has honored her as "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement". On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks rejected bus driver James F. Blake's order to vacate a row of four seats in the "colored" section in favor of a White passenger, once the "White" section was filled. Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation, but the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) believed that she was the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation laws, and she helped inspire the Black community to boycott the Montgomery buses for over a year. The case became bogged down in the state courts, but the federal Montgomery bus lawsuit Browder v. Gayle resulted in a November 1956 decision that bus segregation is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Parks's act of defiance and the Montgomery bus boycott became important symbols of the movement. She became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation, and organized and collaborated with civil rights leaders, including Edgar Nixon and Martin Luther King Jr. At the time, Parks was employed as a seamstress at a local department store and was secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. She had recently attended the Highlander Folk School, a Tennessee center for training activists for workers' rights and racial equality. Although widely honored in later years, she also suffered for her act; she was fired from her job, and received death threats for years afterwards. Shortly after the boycott, she moved to Detroit, where she briefly found similar work. From 1965 to 1988, she served as secretary and receptionist to John Conyers, an African-American US Representative. She was also active in the Black Power movement and the support of political prisoners in the US. After retirement, Parks wrote her autobiography and continued to insist that there was more work to be done in the struggle for justice. Parks received national recognition, including the NAACP's 1979 Spingarn Medal, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Gold Medal, and a posthumous statue in the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall. Upon her death in 2005, she was the first woman to lie in honor in the Capitol Rotunda. California and Missouri commemorate Rosa Parks Day on her birthday, February 4, while Ohio, Oregon, and Texas commemorate the anniversary of her arrest, December 1. (en) Rosa Parks (lahir di , Alabama 4 Februari 1913 – 24 Oktober 2005) adalah aktivis hak asasi Afro-Amerika yang disebut oleh Kongres Amerika Serikat sebagai "Ibu pergerakan Hak Asasi Manusia Modern". Pada tanggal 1 Desember 1955, Parks menjadi terkenal setelah menolak mematuhi perintah sopir bus untuk memberikan kursinya agar seluruh ruangan hanya untuk penumpang kulit putih. Aksi ketidakpatuhan ini memulai , yang merupakan salah satu pergerakan terbesar melawan pemisahan ras. Tindakannya tersebut dianggap melawan peraturan ras di kotanya karena berdasarkan peraturan kota tahun 1955, warga Amerika-Afrika wajib duduk di bagian belakang bus dan harus memberikan tempat duduknya kepada warga berkulit putih jika bagian depan bus sudah terisi penuh. Dibawah kepemimpinan Martin Luther King, Jr., dimulai gerakan memboikot bus kota yang dimulai pada tanggal 5 Desember 1955. (in) Rosa Louise Parks (nata Rosa Louise McCauley; Tuskegee, 4 febbraio 1913 – Detroit, 24 ottobre 2005) è stata un'attivista statunitense. Fu figura-simbolo del movimento per i diritti civili, divenuta famosa per aver rifiutato nel 1955 di cedere il posto su un autobus a un bianco, dando così origine al boicottaggio dei bus a Montgomery. Nove mesi prima anche Claudette Colvin fu protagonista di un episodio analogo, che non ebbe uguale risonanza mediatica.Rosa Parks è stata anche soprannominata dall'opinione pubblica Mother of the Civil Rights Movement, proprio per il carattere iconico del suo gesto e del suo personaggio. La donna scrisse anche un'autobiografia, e soprattutto dopo la morte la sua storia è stata protagonista di diversi prodotti d'intrattenimento di massa, come film e documentari di rilevanza internazionale. (it) Rosa Louise Parks-McCauley (Tuskegee (Alabama), 4 februari 1913 – Detroit (Michigan), 24 oktober 2005) was een Amerikaans burgerrechtenactiviste. Ze is vooral bekend geworden door haar verzetsdaad in 1955 waarbij ze weigerde haar zitplaats in het voor zwarten gereserveerde deel achterin af te staan aan blanke passagiers. Dit gebeurde toen het voor blanken gereserveerde voorste deel van de bus vol raakte. (nl) 로자 루이즈 매콜리 파크스(영어: Rosa Louise McCauley Parks, 1913년 2월 4일 ~ 2005년 10월 24일)는 미국의 민권 운동가이다. 이후 미국 의회에 의해 “현대 인권 운동의 어머니”라고 명명되었다. 1955년 12월 1일, 앨라배마주 몽고메리에서 백인 승객에게 자리를 양보하라는 버스 운전사의 지시를 거부하였고, 결국 이것 때문에 경찰에 체포되었다. 이 사건은 382일 동안 계속된 몽고메리 버스 보이콧으로 이어졌고 인종 분리에 저항하는 큰 규모로 번져 나아갔다. 이때 마틴 루터 킹 목사가 여기에 참여하게 되고 결국 아프리카계 미국인의 인권과 권익을 개선하고자 하는 미국 인권 운동의 시초가 되었다. (ko) “リー”ローザ・ルイーズ・マコーリー・パークス（Rosa "Lee" Louise McCauley Parks, 1913年2月4日 - 2005年10月24日）は、アメリカ合衆国の公民権運動活動家。 1955年にアラバマ州モンゴメリーで公営バスの運転手の命令に背いて白人に席を譲るのを拒み、ジム・クロウ法違反の容疑で逮捕されて著名となる。これを契機にモンゴメリー・バス・ボイコット事件が勃発。アフリカ系アメリカ人（黒人）による公民権運動の導火線となったことで、ローザは米国史における文化的象徴と見なされ、米国連邦議会から「公民権運動の母」と呼ばれた。 人権擁護運動の共有財産（共有遺産）として、その行動は国際的に高く評価されている。 (ja) Rosa Louise McCauley, mais conhecida por Rosa Parks (Tuskegee, 4 de fevereiro de 1913 – Detroit, 24 de outubro de 2005), foi uma ativista negra norte-americana, símbolo do movimento dos direitos civis dos negros nos Estados Unidos. Ficou famosa, em 1º de dezembro de 1955, por ter-se recusado frontalmente a ceder o seu lugar no ônibus a um homem branco, tornando-se o estopim do movimento que foi denominado boicote aos ônibus de Montgomery e posteriormente viria a marcar o início da luta antissegregacionista. (pt) Rosa Louise Parks, z domu McCauley (ur. 4 lutego 1913 w Tuskegee, zm. 24 października 2005 w Detroit) – afroamerykańska działaczka na rzecz praw człowieka. Jest uznawana za jeden z symboli walki z segregacją rasową, a także jest nazywana „matką ruchu praw obywatelskich”. Uhonorowana między innymi Złotym Medalem Kongresu Stanów Zjednoczonych i Prezydenckim Medalem Wolności. (pl) Роза Луиза Паркс (англ. Rosa Louise Parks, урождённая Макколи, англ. McCauley; 4 февраля 1913, Таскиги, Алабама, США — 24 октября 2005, Детройт, Мичиган, США) — американская общественная деятельница, политическая активистка и одна из основательниц движения за права чернокожих граждан США. Паркс работала секретарём в Национальной ассоциации содействия прогрессу цветного населения и стала известна в 1955 году, когда во время автобусной поездки в городе Монтгомери, штат Алабама, она отказалась по требованию водителя уступить своё место белому пассажиру в секции автобуса для цветных. Подобное сопротивление сегрегации в общественном транспорте случалось и ранее, однако, в отличие от этих единичных актов гражданского неповиновения, общественная реакция на арест Паркс привела к бойкоту автобусных линий города. Действия участников бойкота превратили Розу в международный символ сопротивления расовой сегрегации и принесли национальную известность лидеру бойкота Мартину Лютеру Кингу, сделав его важнейшей фигурой в движении за гражданские права. В последующие годы Роза Паркс также принимала участие в борьбе за права человека. Она удостоилась ряда наград и почестей, от медали им. Спрингарна (1979) до статуи в Национальном скульптурном зале Капитолия. Паркс была включена в Национальный зал славы женщин и награждена обеими высшими государственными наградами США — Президентской медалью Свободы и Золотой медалью Конгресса. Конгресс США удостоил Паркс эпитетов «первая леди гражданских прав» и «мать современного движения за гражданские права». По сей день она остаётся одной из самых известных и уважаемых деятелей среди американцев. (ru) Rosa Louise McCauley Parks, född 4 februari 1913 i Tuskegee i Alabama, död 24 oktober 2005 i Detroit i Michigan, var en medborgarrättskämpe. Hon var utbildad sömmerska. Parks tilldelades flera av USA:s finaste civila utmärkelser, bland annat Ellis Island Medal of Honor 1986, Frihetsmedaljen 1996 och Amerikanska kongressens guldmedalj 1999. (sv) Роза Паркс (англ. Rosa Parks; 4 лютого 1913, Таскігі, Алабама — 24 жовтня 2005, Детройт, Мічиган) — американська громадська діячка, з чиїм ім'ям пов'язаний початок масової боротьби чорношкірих за рівні права в Америці. (uk) 羅莎·路易絲·麥考利·帕克斯（英語：Rosa Louise McCauley Parks，1913年2月4日－2005年10月24日），美國黑人民權行動主義者。1955年，她在公車上拒絕讓座給白人而遭逮捕，引發聯合抵制蒙哥馬利公車運動。美國國會後來稱她為「現代民權運動之母」。她的生日2月4日和被捕当日12月1日都成为罗莎·帕克斯节，在加利福尼亚州和俄亥俄州定期纪念。 當年實施《吉姆克勞法》，有白人與黑人分開座位的規定，在1955年12月1日，公車司機詹姆斯·F·布萊克因白人座位已滿所以命令帕克斯將其使用的「黑人座位」讓位給一名白人乘客，但帕克斯拒絕聽從司機命令而遭受警方逮捕。帕克斯不是第一个反对公车隔离政策的人。其他人，包括1946年的艾琳·摩根，1955年的莎拉·路易斯·凯斯，以及几个月前在蒙哥马利被捕的“布劳德诉盖尔”案件成员。当美国全国有色人种协进会的组织者看到她在法庭上的斗争时，相信帕克斯是用公民不服从来对抗阿拉巴马隔离法案最合适的人选，虽然她最终在法庭上失败，而“布劳德诉盖尔”则获得成功。帕克斯的反抗，以及蒙哥马利公车抵制成为现代非裔美国人民权运动的重要标志。她成为国际反种族隔离的标志人物。她与其它民权运动领袖，如协会地方分会主席埃德加·尼克松，牧师馬丁·路德·金一道合作，组织活动。 此时，帕克斯是蒙哥马利地方协会的秘书。她曾在高地民间学校就读，后者是田纳西培训工人维权和种族平等运动者的中心。她扮演着“厌倦屈服”的普通市民的角色，虽然她在日后获得众多荣誉，但是在当时备受打压；她在当地百货楼做女裁缝，遭到了解聘。 最后，她来到了底特律，暂时从事着类似的工作。从1965年到1988年，她成为非裔美国众议院约翰·科尼尔斯的秘书和接待。退休后，帕克斯出版了自传，平静地生活。晚年，帕克斯患上了痴呆症。 帕克斯获得众多荣誉。2005年10月去世，在国会圆形大厅舉行國葬。 (zh) |
| dbo:birthDate | 1913-02-04 (xsd:date) |
| dbo:birthName | Rosa Louise McCauley (en) |
| dbo:birthPlace | dbr:Tuskegee,_Alabama |
| dbo:birthYear | 1913-01-01 (xsd:gYear) |
| dbo:deathDate | 2005-10-24 (xsd:date) |
| dbo:deathPlace | dbr:Detroit |
| dbo:deathYear | 2005-01-01 (xsd:gYear) |
| dbo:knownFor | dbr:Montgomery_bus_boycott |
| dbo:occupation | dbr:Rosa_Parks__PersonFunction__1 dbr:Civil_rights_activist |
| dbo:restingPlace | dbr:Detroit dbr:Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Detroit) |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Rosaparks.jpg?width=300 |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | https://www.zinnedproject.org/materials/intolerable-conditions/ http://www.rosaparks.org/ http://rosaparksbiography.org https://web.archive.org/web/20051201183406/http:/www.democracynow.org/index.pl%3Fissue=20051025 https://web.archive.org/web/20070808131145/http:/montgomery.troy.edu/rosaparks/museum/ https://web.archive.org/web/20101123154659/http:/hfmgv.org/exhibits/rosaparks/home.asp https://www.c-span.org/video/%3F310700-1/rosa-parks-100th-birthday-commemoration http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-151-610vq2sx12 https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/rosa-parks http://www.themilitant.com/2005/6945/694558.html https://www.loc.gov/collections/rosa-parks-papers/about-this-collection/%3Floclr=twloc https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php%3FstoryId=4973548 https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/17/archives/two-decades-later.html http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp%3Fid=h-1111 https://digitalalabama.com/famous-legendary-and-notorius-alabamians/rosa-parks-childhood-home/21419/ https://web.archive.org/web/20121213121035/http:/www.montgomeryboycott.com/ http://www.montgomeryboycott.com/ |
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| dbp:birthName | Rosa Louise McCauley (en) |
| dbp:birthPlace | Tuskegee, Alabama, U.S. (en) |
| dbp:caption | 0001-02-22 (xsd:gMonthDay) 0001-12-01 (xsd:gMonthDay) Rosa Parks in 1955, with Martin Luther King Jr. in the background (en) Booking photo of Parks following her February 1956 arrest during the Montgomery bus boycott (en) |
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| dbp:deathPlace | Detroit, Michigan, U.S. (en) |
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| dbp:image | Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after being arrested for refusing to give up her seat for a white passenger on a segregated municipal bus in Montgomery, Alabama.jpg (en) Rosa Parks Booking.jpg (en) Rosaparks fingerprints.jpg (en) Rosaparks policereport.jpg (en) Rosaparks policereport2.jpg (en) |
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| dbp:spouse | 1932 (xsd:integer) 1977-08-19 (xsd:date) (en) died (en) Raymond Parks (en) |
| dbp:title | Awards and Honors for Rosa Parks (en) |
| dbp:url | https://web.archive.org/web/20121213121035/http:/www.montgomeryboycott.com/ |
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| rdfs:comment | Rosa Louise McCauley, coneguda com a Rosa Parks (Tuskegee, Alabama, 4 de febrer del 1913 — Detroit, Michigan, 24 d'octubre del 2005) fou una activista estatunidenca per l'equiparació de drets civils entre blancs i negres als Estats Units. (ca) Rosa (Louise) Parksová (4. února 1913 Tuskegee, Alabama, USA – 24. října 2005 Detroit, Michigan) patřila k nejznámějším aktivistkám za práva černochů v USA. V prosinci 1955 byla v alabamském Montgomery zatčena, protože odmítla v autobusu uvolnit místo bělochovi, což vedlo k bojkotu autobusové dopravy v Montgomery. Tento případ vedl k velkým protirasistickým protestům a představoval zásadní krok v rozvoji hnutí za černošská práva v USA. Rosa Parksová se stala jeho symbolem. (cs) Rosa Louise McCauley PARKS (naskiĝinta la 4-an de februaro 1913 en Tuskegee (Alabamo), mortinta la 24-an de oktobro 2005 en Detrojto) estis afrika usona Civilrajta aktivulo, kiu luktis kontraŭ rasa segregacio. Ŝi poste ricevis la kromnomon "Patrino de la civilrajta movado" fare de la usona Kongreso. (eo) Rosa Louise Parks (* 4. Februar 1913 als Rosa Louise McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama; † 24. Oktober 2005 in Detroit, Michigan) war eine US-amerikanische Bürgerrechtlerin. Die Afroamerikanerin wurde am 1. Dezember 1955 in Montgomery im US-Bundesstaat Alabama festgenommen, weil sie sich geweigert hatte, ihren Sitzplatz im Bus für einen weißen Fahrgast zu räumen. Dies löste den Busboykott von Montgomery aus, der neben den Protesten im Fall Emmett Till als Anfang der schwarzen Bürgerrechtsbewegung gilt, die das Ende der sogenannten Jim-Crow-Gesetze herbeiführte. (de) Rosa Louise Parks (jaiotza izena: Rosa Louise McCauley ; Tuskegee (Alabama), 1913ko otsailaren 4a - Detroit, 2005eko urriaren 24a) jostun afroamerikarra, Estatu Batuetako Eskubide Zibilen Aldeko Mugimenduko aktibista garrantzitsua izan zen, 1955eko abenduaren 1ean uko egin baitzion bere eserlekua gizonezko zuri bati utzi eta autobusaren atzealdean esertzeari, orduko AEBetako hegoaldeko legeak zioenaren aurka. Ekintza honen ondorioz preso hartu zuten eta askotan aipatzen da hau izan zela Eskubide Zibilen Aldeko Mugimendua piztu zuena. (eu) Bean den chine gorm sna Stáit Aontaithe ab ea Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (4 Feabhra 1913 - 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2005). Bhain sí clú agus cáil amach di féin san fheachtas chun cearta sibhialta a bhaint amach don chine gorm. Sa bhliain 1955, ghlac sí seasamh i gcoinne an chiníochais, rud a spreag feachtas cearta sibhialta i Meiriceá. (ga) Rosa Louise Parks-McCauley (Tuskegee (Alabama), 4 februari 1913 – Detroit (Michigan), 24 oktober 2005) was een Amerikaans burgerrechtenactiviste. Ze is vooral bekend geworden door haar verzetsdaad in 1955 waarbij ze weigerde haar zitplaats in het voor zwarten gereserveerde deel achterin af te staan aan blanke passagiers. Dit gebeurde toen het voor blanken gereserveerde voorste deel van de bus vol raakte. (nl) 로자 루이즈 매콜리 파크스(영어: Rosa Louise McCauley Parks, 1913년 2월 4일 ~ 2005년 10월 24일)는 미국의 민권 운동가이다. 이후 미국 의회에 의해 “현대 인권 운동의 어머니”라고 명명되었다. 1955년 12월 1일, 앨라배마주 몽고메리에서 백인 승객에게 자리를 양보하라는 버스 운전사의 지시를 거부하였고, 결국 이것 때문에 경찰에 체포되었다. 이 사건은 382일 동안 계속된 몽고메리 버스 보이콧으로 이어졌고 인종 분리에 저항하는 큰 규모로 번져 나아갔다. 이때 마틴 루터 킹 목사가 여기에 참여하게 되고 결국 아프리카계 미국인의 인권과 권익을 개선하고자 하는 미국 인권 운동의 시초가 되었다. (ko) “リー”ローザ・ルイーズ・マコーリー・パークス（Rosa "Lee" Louise McCauley Parks, 1913年2月4日 - 2005年10月24日）は、アメリカ合衆国の公民権運動活動家。 1955年にアラバマ州モンゴメリーで公営バスの運転手の命令に背いて白人に席を譲るのを拒み、ジム・クロウ法違反の容疑で逮捕されて著名となる。これを契機にモンゴメリー・バス・ボイコット事件が勃発。アフリカ系アメリカ人（黒人）による公民権運動の導火線となったことで、ローザは米国史における文化的象徴と見なされ、米国連邦議会から「公民権運動の母」と呼ばれた。 人権擁護運動の共有財産（共有遺産）として、その行動は国際的に高く評価されている。 (ja) Rosa Louise McCauley, mais conhecida por Rosa Parks (Tuskegee, 4 de fevereiro de 1913 – Detroit, 24 de outubro de 2005), foi uma ativista negra norte-americana, símbolo do movimento dos direitos civis dos negros nos Estados Unidos. Ficou famosa, em 1º de dezembro de 1955, por ter-se recusado frontalmente a ceder o seu lugar no ônibus a um homem branco, tornando-se o estopim do movimento que foi denominado boicote aos ônibus de Montgomery e posteriormente viria a marcar o início da luta antissegregacionista. (pt) Rosa Louise Parks, z domu McCauley (ur. 4 lutego 1913 w Tuskegee, zm. 24 października 2005 w Detroit) – afroamerykańska działaczka na rzecz praw człowieka. Jest uznawana za jeden z symboli walki z segregacją rasową, a także jest nazywana „matką ruchu praw obywatelskich”. Uhonorowana między innymi Złotym Medalem Kongresu Stanów Zjednoczonych i Prezydenckim Medalem Wolności. (pl) Rosa Louise McCauley Parks, född 4 februari 1913 i Tuskegee i Alabama, död 24 oktober 2005 i Detroit i Michigan, var en medborgarrättskämpe. Hon var utbildad sömmerska. Parks tilldelades flera av USA:s finaste civila utmärkelser, bland annat Ellis Island Medal of Honor 1986, Frihetsmedaljen 1996 och Amerikanska kongressens guldmedalj 1999. (sv) Роза Паркс (англ. Rosa Parks; 4 лютого 1913, Таскігі, Алабама — 24 жовтня 2005, Детройт, Мічиган) — американська громадська діячка, з чиїм ім'ям пов'язаний початок масової боротьби чорношкірих за рівні права в Америці. (uk) روزا لويس باركس (بالإنجليزية: Rosa Louise Parks) والتي ولدت تحت اسم روزا لويس ماكولي (بالإنجليزية: Rosa Louise McCouley") (عاشت بين 4 فبراير 1913-24 أكتوبر 2005) كانت ناشطة من أصول إفريقية أمريكية، طالبت بالحقوق المدنية للأمريكان الأفارقة. في 1/12/1955م، في مونتغمري في ألاباما، رفضت باركس طلب سائق الحافلة جيمس بليك بالتّخلي عن مقعدها في «القسم الملوّن» إلى راكب أبيض البشرة، بعد امتلاء القسم الخاص بالركّاب من أصحاب البشرة البيضاء؛ لم تكن بارك أول من حارب العنصرية، إلا أنها كانت تلقى اهتماماً كبيراً من قبل العالم بعد اعتقالها بسبب مقاومتها وعصيانها لقوانين الفصل في ألاباما. (ar) Η Ρόζα Παρκς (Rosa Louise McCauley Parks, 4 Φεβρουαρίου 1913 - 24 Οκτωβρίου 2005) ήταν Αμερικανίδα ακτιβίστρια. Ήταν μία έγχρωμη μοδίστρα που έμελλε να μείνει στην ιστορία όταν, στις 1 Δεκεμβρίου 1955, στο Μοντγκόμερυ της Αλαμπάμα, αρνήθηκε να δώσει τη θέση της στο λεωφορείο σε έναν λευκό, αντιστεκόμενη στην τότε πολιτική φυλετικού διαχωρισμού των ΗΠΑ που απαιτούσε από τους έγχρωμους πολίτες να κάθονται στο πίσω μέρος του λεωφορείου και να παραχωρούν τη θέση τους στους λευκούς. Η πράξη αυτή πολιτικής ανυπακοής γέννησε ένα κίνημα κατά του φυλετικού διαχωρισμού στην πόλη αυτή, που άμεσα εκφράστηκε με μποϊκοτάζ των λεωφορείων από τους έγχρωμους επί 381 ημέρες, και βοήθησε έναν από τους διοργανωτές του κινήματος αυτού, ονόματι Μάρτιν Λούθερ Κινγκ, να ξεκινήσει μια διαδρομή που θα οδηγούσε στην (el) Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (Tuskegee, Alabama, 4 de febrero de 1913 - Detroit, Míchigan, 24 de octubre de 2005) fue una activista afroestadounidense, figura importante del movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos, en especial por haberse negado a ceder el asiento a un pasajero blanco y moverse a la parte trasera del autobús en Montgomery, Alabama (Estados Unidos), el 1 de diciembre del año 1955. Por tal acción, acabó siendo llevada a la cárcel, lo que se cita frecuentemente como la chispa del movimiento, y se la reconoce como «la primera dama de los derechos civiles», si bien ya existía un precedente de otra joven mujer, Claudette Colvin, que había sido arrestada por la misma causa el 2 de marzo del mismo año, el de Irene Morgan diez años antes o el de Ida B. Wells 71 años (es) Rosa Parks (lahir di , Alabama 4 Februari 1913 – 24 Oktober 2005) adalah aktivis hak asasi Afro-Amerika yang disebut oleh Kongres Amerika Serikat sebagai "Ibu pergerakan Hak Asasi Manusia Modern". Pada tanggal 1 Desember 1955, Parks menjadi terkenal setelah menolak mematuhi perintah sopir bus untuk memberikan kursinya agar seluruh ruangan hanya untuk penumpang kulit putih. Aksi ketidakpatuhan ini memulai , yang merupakan salah satu pergerakan terbesar melawan pemisahan ras. (in) Rosa Louise McCauley Parks, dite Rosa Parks [ɹoʊzə pɑɹks], née le 4 février 1913 à Tuskegee en Alabama (États-Unis) et morte le 24 octobre 2005 à Détroit dans le Michigan, est une femme afro-américaine, figure emblématique de la lutte contre la ségrégation raciale aux États-Unis, surnommée « mère du mouvement des droits civiques » par le Congrès américain. (fr) Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has honored her as "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement". (en) Rosa Louise Parks (nata Rosa Louise McCauley; Tuskegee, 4 febbraio 1913 – Detroit, 24 ottobre 2005) è stata un'attivista statunitense. Fu figura-simbolo del movimento per i diritti civili, divenuta famosa per aver rifiutato nel 1955 di cedere il posto su un autobus a un bianco, dando così origine al boicottaggio dei bus a Montgomery. Nove mesi prima anche Claudette Colvin fu protagonista di un episodio analogo, che non ebbe uguale risonanza mediatica.Rosa Parks è stata anche soprannominata dall'opinione pubblica Mother of the Civil Rights Movement, proprio per il carattere iconico del suo gesto e del suo personaggio. La donna scrisse anche un'autobiografia, e soprattutto dopo la morte la sua storia è stata protagonista di diversi prodotti d'intrattenimento di massa, come film e documentari (it) Роза Луиза Паркс (англ. Rosa Louise Parks, урождённая Макколи, англ. McCauley; 4 февраля 1913, Таскиги, Алабама, США — 24 октября 2005, Детройт, Мичиган, США) — американская общественная деятельница, политическая активистка и одна из основательниц движения за права чернокожих граждан США. (ru) 羅莎·路易絲·麥考利·帕克斯（英語：Rosa Louise McCauley Parks，1913年2月4日－2005年10月24日），美國黑人民權行動主義者。1955年，她在公車上拒絕讓座給白人而遭逮捕，引發聯合抵制蒙哥馬利公車運動。美國國會後來稱她為「現代民權運動之母」。她的生日2月4日和被捕当日12月1日都成为罗莎·帕克斯节，在加利福尼亚州和俄亥俄州定期纪念。 當年實施《吉姆克勞法》，有白人與黑人分開座位的規定，在1955年12月1日，公車司機詹姆斯·F·布萊克因白人座位已滿所以命令帕克斯將其使用的「黑人座位」讓位給一名白人乘客，但帕克斯拒絕聽從司機命令而遭受警方逮捕。帕克斯不是第一个反对公车隔离政策的人。其他人，包括1946年的艾琳·摩根，1955年的莎拉·路易斯·凯斯，以及几个月前在蒙哥马利被捕的“布劳德诉盖尔”案件成员。当美国全国有色人种协进会的组织者看到她在法庭上的斗争时，相信帕克斯是用公民不服从来对抗阿拉巴马隔离法案最合适的人选，虽然她最终在法庭上失败，而“布劳德诉盖尔”则获得成功。帕克斯的反抗，以及蒙哥马利公车抵制成为现代非裔美国人民权运动的重要标志。她成为国际反种族隔离的标志人物。她与其它民权运动领袖，如协会地方分会主席埃德加·尼克松，牧师馬丁·路德·金一道合作，组织活动。 帕克斯获得众多荣誉。2005年10月去世，在国会圆形大厅舉行國葬。 (zh) |
| rdfs:label | Rosa Parks (en) روزا باركس (ar) Rosa Parks (ca) Rosa Parksová (cs) Rosa Parks (de) Ρόζα Παρκς (el) Rosa Parks (eo) Rosa Parks (eu) Rosa Parks (es) Rosa Parks (ga) Rosa Parks (fr) Rosa Parks (in) Rosa Parks (it) ローザ・パークス (ja) 로자 파크스 (ko) Rosa Parks (pl) Rosa Parks (nl) Rosa Parks (pt) Паркс, Роза (ru) Rosa Parks (sv) Роза Паркс (uk) 羅莎·帕克斯 (zh) |
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| is dbp:mainCharTeam of | dbr:Martin_Luther_King_and_the_Montgomery_Story |
| is dbp:subject of | dbr:Continuing_the_Conversation dbr:Statue_of_Rosa_Parks_(Eugene,_Oregon) dbr:Statue_of_Rosa_Parks_(U.S._Capitol) |
| is dbp:title of | dbr:Mysteries_at_the_Museum |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Rosa_Parks |
